The Australian Temperament Project Generation 3 study: a population-based multigenerational prospective cohort study of socioemotional health and development.

Purpose: The Australian Temperament Project Generation 3 Study (ATPG3) was established to examine the extent to which offspring social and emotional development is shaped in the decades prior to conception, in parent and grandparent histories of psychosocial adjustment (eg, emotional regulation, relationship quality and prosociality) and maladjustment (eg, depressive symptoms, substance use and antisociality).

Participants: The Australian Temperament Project (ATP) commenced in 1983 as a population representative survey of the social and emotional health of 2443 young Australians (Generation 2: 4-8 months old) and their parents (Generation 1). Since then, families have been followed from infancy to young adulthood (16 waves).

Transport behaviours among older teenagers from semi-rural New Zealand.

Objective: Transport impacts teenagers by affecting their autonomy and independent access to activities. This manuscript reports descriptive findings of transport behaviours among teenagers in Southland, New Zealand, and discusses the implications of these for public health and policy.

Methods: An online survey was implemented to investigate transport among respondents aged 16 years and older from twelve secondary schools.

The contribution of smokefree outdoor areas in achieving New Zealand's Smokefree 2025 goal.

Issues Addressed: With the adoption of Smokefree 2025, further commitment from local government to extend smokefree outdoor area policies is becoming increasingly important in the presence of high public support. The aim of this study was to identify local government commitment in the Canterbury/West Coast (CWC) region to the New Zealand Smokefree 2025 goal through provision of smokefree outdoor areas.

Methods: Document analysis of the different stages of council long-term plans (LTPs) was undertaken, including 239 draft LTP documents, 5926 public submissions on these documents and 13 final LTP documents.

Perceptions of Financial Incentives for Smoking Cessation: A Survey of Smokers in a Country With an Endgame Goal.

Introduction: Financial incentives can support smoking cessation, yet low acceptability may limit the wider implementation of such schemes. Few studies have examined how smokers view financial-incentive interventions aimed at reducing smoking prevalence.

Methods: We recruited a sample of 623 smokers from an internet panel to a survey assessing support for, and perceived effectiveness of, financial incentives for smoking cessation.

New Zealand adolescents' discouragement of smoking among their peers.

Objective: This study examines the extent to which young people are acting as 'agents of change' in discouraging smoking among their peers.

Methods: This study used data from a survey of 2,919 New Zealand secondary school students who participated in the 2014 national Youth In-depth Survey. Relevant questions were used to assess the extent to which students engaged in behaviours to discourage or promote smoking among their peers.

New Zealand tobacco control experts' views towards policies to reduce tobacco availability.

Aim: Higher tobacco retailer density promotes smoking by making cigarettes more accessible and available, and by increasing environmental cues to smoke. We aimed to examine tobacco control experts' views on policies that could reduce tobacco retail availability.

Methods: Telephone interviews with 25 individuals drawn from academia, non-governmental organisations, Māori and Pacific health, smoking cessation services, district health boards and other public health-related organisations.

Unintended Sunburn: A Potential Target for Sun Protection Messages.

New Zealand (NZ) has the highest melanoma incidence rate in the world. Primary prevention efforts focus on reducing sunburn incidence and increasing sun protective practices in the population. However, sunburn from excessive ultraviolet radiation (UVR) remains common.

Smokers' Perceptions of the Relative Effectiveness of Five Tobacco Retail Reduction Policies.

Introduction: Reducing the widespread retail availability of tobacco could help realize tobacco endgame strategies. We assessed New Zealand smokers' perceptions of five potential policies designed to reduce the retail supply of tobacco, relative to a "benchmark" policy of annual tobacco tax increases.

Methods: A sample of 623 smokers was recruited from an internet panel.

Spiritual beliefs, practices, and needs at the end of life: Results from a New Zealand national hospice study.

Objective: International studies have shown that patients want their spiritual needs attended to at the end of life. The present authors developed a project to investigate people's understanding of spirituality and spiritual care practices in New Zealand (NZ) hospices.

Method: A mixed-methods approach included 52 semistructured interviews and a survey of 642 patients, family members, and staff from 25 (78%) of NZ's hospices.

Regulating tobacco retail in New Zealand: what can we learn from overseas?

Despite New Zealand's reputation as a leader in tobacco control, the retail environment for tobacco is relatively unregulated, particularly when compared to the licensing regimes for alcohol products and psychoactive substances (eg, synthetic cannabis and other 'legal highs'). There are currently no restrictions on who can sell tobacco, nor where it can be sold. The lack of an accurate tobacco retail register presents a challenge for those enforcing retail legislation.

Little change in tobacco imagery on New Zealand television: 10 years on.

Objectives: To examine changes in the frequency and contexts of tobacco imagery on New Zealand television since 2004.

Methods: A content analysis of 73 hours of prime time evening television in 2014, including programs, advertisements and trailers, was coded for tobacco imagery. Imagery was defined as being either neutral/pro-tobacco or anti-tobacco.

Point-of-sale tobacco promotion and youth smoking: a meta-analysis.

Introduction: Previous systematic reviews have found consistent evidence of a positive association between exposure to point-of-sale (POS) tobacco promotion and increased smoking and smoking susceptibility among children and adolescents. No meta-analysis has been conducted on these studies to date.

Methods: Systematic literature searches were carried out to identify all quantitative observational studies that examined the relationship between POS tobacco promotion and individual-level smoking and smoking-related cognitions among children and adolescents, published between January 1990 and June 2014.

Tobacco retail outlet density and risk of youth smoking in New Zealand.

Introduction: Evidence suggests inconsistent findings on the relationship between density of tobacco outlets around schools and risk of smoking among students. This study examines the density of tobacco outlets around secondary schools in New Zealand (NZ) and current smoking, experimental smoking, susceptibility to smoking, and attempted and successful tobacco purchasing.

Methods: Smoking data came from the 2012 ASH Year 10 survey, a national survey of youth smoking in NZ.

Regulating the sale of tobacco in New Zealand: A qualitative analysis of retailers' views and implications for advocacy.

Background: In contrast to the sale of alcohol and other psychoactive substances, the retail availability of tobacco in New Zealand (NZ) is relatively unregulated. Tobacco is almost universally available, and the absence of a licensing scheme for tobacco retailers makes enforcement of retail-level legislation challenging. As a key stakeholder group, the views of tobacco retailers are likely to influence the tobacco retail policies that gain political support.

Nondaily, Low-Rate Daily, and High-Rate Daily Smoking in Young Adults: A 17-Year Follow-Up.

Introduction: While overall tobacco consumption is declining in many countries, patterns of low-frequency smoking-such as nondaily and low-rate daily smoking-appear to be increasing. We aimed firstly to describe differences in demographic, smoking- and quitting-related characteristics between nondaily and daily smokers in young adults; secondly, to determine the proportion of low-frequency smokers who transition to a higher rate of smoking by age 38 and factors associated with this.

Methods: We assessed a cohort of individuals born in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1972-1973, at regular intervals from age 21 to age 38 years.

The impact of an increase in excise tax on the retail price of tobacco in New Zealand.

Background: In 2010, the New Zealand (NZ) government introduced an annual 10% tobacco excise tax increase. We examined retailers' adherence to recommended retail prices (RRP), and whether the RRP included the full tax increase.

Methods: We collected price data on three British American Tobacco (BAT) factory-made cigarette brands, (premium, mainstream, and budget), and one roll-your-own tobacco brand before and after the 2014 tax increase from a sample of tobacco retailers.

A systematic review on the impact of point-of-sale tobacco promotion on smoking.

Introduction: The tobacco retail environment is a crucial marketing medium for the industry. A 2009 review found evidence of a positive association between exposure to point-of-sale (POS) tobacco promotion and increased smoking and smoking susceptibility, though limitations in the evidence base were identified.

Aim And Methods: We reviewed and critically appraised recent evidence documenting the influence of POS tobacco promotion, and POS tobacco display bans, on smoking-related behavior and cognitions.

Impact evaluation of a farm safety awareness workshop in New Zealand.

Objective: Farming is a hazardous occupation, with high rates of injury and death. FarmSafe, a whole-country approach, sought to address work-related injury on New Zealand sheep, beef, and dairy farms. More than 10 000 farmers participated in 630 workshops held over two years.

Newspaper coverage of tobacco control in New Zealand.

Objective: The New Zealand (NZ) government has proposed that the country be 'Smokefree' by 2025. This paper examines how NZ newspapers have portrayed tobacco control initiatives to achieve this goal.

Method: We examined tobacco-related articles from NZ newspapers published between 1 November 2011 and 31 October 2012, using a coding frame to capture smoking themes, portrayal of actions and degree of support expressed for various pro- and anti- tobacco control objectives.

Employment among schoolchildren and its associations with adult substance use, psychological well-being, and academic achievement.

Purpose: To examine the association between paid part-time employment among schoolchildren, and adult substance use, psychological well-being, and academic achievement.

Methods: Longitudinal data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study were used to evaluate the association between employment at each of 11, 13, and 15 years and adult smoking, regular alcohol binge drinking, regular cannabis use, sense of coherence, social participation, positive coping style, prosociality, no formal qualifications, and university degree. Associations were initially assessed using unadjusted regression analyses and then adjusted for the potential childhood confounders intelligence quotient, reading development, Student's Perception of Ability Scale, socioeconomic disadvantage, family climate, harsh parent-child interaction, parental opinion of their child's attitude to school, and child's personal attitude to school.

The spiritual environment in New Zealand hospice care: identifying organisational commitment to spiritual care.

Objectives: Spiritual matters naturally arise in many people who have either a serious illness or are nearing end-of-life. The literature shows many examples of spiritual assessments, interventions and care; however, there is a lack of focus on organisational support for spiritual care. We aimed to ascertain the structural and operational capacity of New Zealand's hospices to attend to the spiritual needs and concerns of patients, families and staff.

Smoking cessation and subsequent weight change.

Introduction: People who quit smoking tend to gain more weight over time than those who continue to smoke. Previous research using clinical samples of smokers suggests that quitters typically experience a weight gain of approximately 5 kg in the year following smoking cessation, but these studies may overestimate the extent of weight gain in the general population. The existing population-based research in this area has some methodological limitations.

Summer weekend sun exposure and sunburn among a New Zealand urban population, 1994-2006.

Aim: To describe summer weekend sun exposure and sunburn experience, 1994-2006, among urban New Zealanders (15-69 years) by sex, age group, skin type and outdoor activity type.

Method: A series of five telephone surveys undertaken in the summers of 1994, 1997, 1999-2000, 2002-3 and 2005-6 provided a sample of 6,195 respondents with usable data from five major cities (Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin). Respondents were administered a Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) questionnaire which sought sociodemographic information, sun exposure, and sunburn experience during the most recent weekend.