Chanoclavine synthase operates by an NADPH-independent superoxide mechanism.

More than ten ergot alkaloids comprising both natural and semi-synthetic products are used to treat various diseases. The central C ring forms the core pharmacophore for ergot alkaloids, giving them structural similarity to neurotransmitters, thus enabling their modulation of neurotransmitter receptors. The haem catalase chanoclavine synthase (EasC) catalyses the construction of this ring through complex radical oxidative cyclization.

Active coexistence of the novel gammaproteobacterial methanotroph 'Ca. Methylocalor cossyra' CH1 and verrucomicrobial methanotrophs in acidic, hot geothermal soil.

Terrestrial geothermal ecosystems are hostile habitats, characterized by large emissions of environmentally relevant gases such as CO , CH , H S and H . These conditions provide a niche for chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms. Methanotrophs of the phylum Verrucomicrobia, which inhabit these ecosystems, can utilize these gases and grow at pH levels below 1 and temperatures up to 65°C.

Simultaneous sulfide and methane oxidation by an extremophile.

Hydrogen sulfide (HS) and methane (CH) are produced in anoxic environments through sulfate reduction and organic matter decomposition. Both gases diffuse upwards into oxic zones where aerobic methanotrophs mitigate CH emissions by oxidizing this potent greenhouse gas. Although methanotrophs in myriad environments encounter toxic HS, it is virtually unknown how they are affected.

Methanethiol Consumption and Hydrogen Sulfide Production by the Thermoacidophilic Methanotroph SolV.

Methanotrophs aerobically oxidize methane to carbon dioxide to make a living and are known to degrade various other short chain carbon compounds as well. Volatile organic sulfur compounds such as methanethiol (CHSH) are important intermediates in the sulfur cycle. Although volatile organic sulfur compounds co-occur with methane in various environments, little is known about how these compounds affect methanotrophy.

Neodymium as Metal Cofactor for Biological Methanol Oxidation: Structure and Kinetics of an XoxF1-Type Methanol Dehydrogenase.

The methane-oxidizing bacterium Methylacidimicrobium thermophilum AP8 thrives in acidic geothermal ecosystems that are characterized by high degassing of methane (CH), H, HS, and by relatively high lanthanide concentrations. Lanthanides (atomic numbers 57 to 71) are essential in a variety of high-tech devices, including mobile phones. Remarkably, the same elements are actively taken up by methanotrophs/methylotrophs in a range of environments, since their XoxF-type methanol dehydrogenases require lanthanides as a metal cofactor.

Verrucomicrobial methanotrophs: ecophysiology of metabolically versatile acidophiles.

Methanotrophs are an important group of microorganisms that counteract methane emissions to the atmosphere. Methane-oxidising bacteria of the Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria have been studied for over a century, while methanotrophs of the phylum Verrucomicrobia are a more recent discovery. Verrucomicrobial methanotrophs are extremophiles that live in very acidic geothermal ecosystems.

Structure of the 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase from the thermoacidophilic methanotroph Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV and the phylogeny of the aminotransferase pathway.

The enzyme 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase (DapA) is involved in the production of lysine and precursor molecules for peptidoglycan synthesis. In a multistep reaction, DapA converts pyruvate and L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde to 4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinic acid. In many organisms, lysine binds allosterically to DapA, causing negative feedback, thus making the enzyme an important regulatory component of the pathway.

The thermoacidophilic methanotroph Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV oxidizes subatmospheric H with a high-affinity, membrane-associated [NiFe] hydrogenase.

The trace amounts (0.53 ppmv) of atmospheric hydrogen gas (H) can be utilized by microorganisms to persist during dormancy. This process is catalyzed by certain Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi, and is estimated to convert 75 × 10 g H annually, which is half of the total atmospheric H.

The Acidophilic Methanotroph 4AC Grows as Autotroph on H Under Microoxic Conditions.

Emissions of the strong greenhouse gas methane (CH) to the atmosphere are mitigated by methanotrophic microorganisms. Methanotrophs found in extremely acidic geothermal systems belong to the phylum Verrucomicrobia. Thermophilic verrucomicrobial methanotrophs from the genus can grow autotrophically on hydrogen gas (H), but it is unknown whether this also holds for their mesophilic counterparts from the genus .