Nanoemulsion Gel as Potential Repellent against , , and (Diptera: Culicidae).

Oliv. cv. is a species of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae), a large plant family in the order Apiales.

Enhancement of Temephos and Deltamethrin Toxicity by Petroselinum crispum Oil and its Main Constituents Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Previous work presented the profound antimosquito potential of Petroselinum crispum essential oil (PEO) against either the pyrethroid-susceptible or resistant strains of Aedes aegypti. This plant oil also inhibited the activity of acetylcholinesterase and mixed-function oxidases significantly, thus suggesting its potential as a synergist for improving mosquitocidal efficacy of insecticidal formulations. This study investigated the chemical composition, larvicidal activity, and potential synergism with synthetic insecticides of PEO and its main compounds for the purpose of interacting with insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors.

Nematocidal effect of Vahl on morphology and ultrastructure of third-stage infective larvae.

In a previous research work aimed at discovering natural helminthicides as alternatives to conventional synthetic drugs, Piper retrofractum fruit hexane extract (PHE) has been shown to possess promising nematocidal activity against the third-stage infective larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the chemical composition and the impact of PHE on symptom and structural alterations of S. stercoralis.

Biochemical Effects of (Umbellifereae) Essential Oil on the Pyrethroid Resistant Strains of (Diptera: Culicidae).

In ongoing screening research for edible plants, essential oil was considered as a potential bioinsecticide with proven antimosquito activity against both the pyrethroid susceptible and resistant strains of . Due to the comparative mosquitocidal efficacy on these mosquitoes, this plant essential oil is promoted as an attractive candidate for further study in monitoring resistance of mosquito vectors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of essential oil on the biochemical characteristics of the target mosquito larvae of , by determining quantitative changes of key enzymes responsible for xenobiotic detoxification, including glutathione--transferases (GSTs), - and -esterases (-/-ESTs), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid and alkaline phosphatases (ACP and ALP) and mixed-function oxidases (MFO).

Synergy in the adulticidal efficacy of essential oils for the improvement of permethrin toxicity against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae).

Background: In a previous screening program for mosquitocides from local edible plants in Thailand, essential oils (EOs) of Cyperus rotundus, Alpinia galanga and Cinnamomum verum, were found to possess promising adulticidal activity against Aedes aegypti. With the aim of reducing usage of conventional insecticides and improving the management of resistant mosquito populations, this study was designed to determine the potential synergism in the adulticidal efficacy of EOs on permethrin toxicity against Ae. aegypti, both pyrethroid-resistant and -susceptible strains.

Antimosquito property of Petroselinum crispum (Umbellifereae) against the pyrethroid resistant and susceptible strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

The increasing and widespread resistance to conventional synthetic insecticides in vector populations has underscored the urgent need to establish alternatives in the mosquito management system. This study was carried out with the aim to investigate the antimosquito property, larvicidal and adulticidal potential, of plant products against both the pyrethroid-susceptible and resistant strains of Aedes aegypti. Seventeen plant products, including essential oils and ethanolic extracts, were obtained by steam distillation and extraction with 95 % ethanol, respectively.

Assessment of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels as a repellent for personal protection against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions in northern Thailand.

Background: Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) hexane extract (AHE) has been reported as a proven and impressive repellent against laboratory-reared female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. With the aim of promoting products of plant origin as a viable alternative to conventional synthetic substances, this study was designed to transform AHE-based repellents for exploitable commercial production by enhancing their efficacy and assessing their physical and biological stability as well as repellency against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions.

Remarkable repellency of Ligusticum sinense (Umbelliferae), a herbal alternative against laboratory populations of Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Background: For personal protection against mosquito bites, user-friendly natural repellents, particularly from plant origin, are considered as a potential alternative to applications currently based on synthetics such as DEET, the standard chemical repellent. This study was carried out in Thailand to evaluate the repellency of Ligusticum sinense hexane extract (LHE) against laboratory Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti, the primary vectors of malaria and dengue fever, respectively.

Methods: Repellent testing of 25% LHE against the two target mosquitoes; An.

Angelica sinensis (Umbelliferae) with proven repellent properties against Aedes aegypti, the primary dengue fever vector in Thailand.

Botanical resources with great diversity in medicinal and aromatic plants are a rich and reliable source for finding insect repellents of plant origin, which are widely popular among today's consumers. Although some herbal-based repellents have been proven comparable to or even better than synthetics, commercially available natural repellents generally tend to be expensive, with short-lived effectiveness. This critical flaw leads to ongoing research for new and effective repellents, which provide longer protection against vector and nuisance-biting insects, while remaining safe, user friendly, and reasonably priced.

Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of edible plant-derived essential oils against the pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

The chemical compositions and larvicidal potential against mosquito vectors of selected essential oils obtained from five edible plants were investigated in this study. Using a GC/MS, 24, 17, 20, 21, and 12 compounds were determined from essential oils of Citrus hystrix, Citrus reticulata, Zingiber zerumbet, Kaempferia galanga, and Syzygium aromaticum, respectively. The principal constituents found in peel oil of C.

Size and charge antigens of Dirofilaria immitis adult worm for IgG-ELISA diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis.

We used Dirofilaria immitis adult worm antigens to develop an IgG-ELISA, then used this to evaluate 30 serum samples of patients with proven Wuchereria bancrofti infection, 131 samples of patients with other parasitic diseases and 30 serum samples of healthy controls. The D. immitis antigen was prepared using two methods: Sephacryl S-200 chromatography and iso-electric focusing with a Rotofor cell.

Field evaluation of G10, a celery (Apium graveolens)-based topical repellent, against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand.

The potential of G10, a celery (Apium graveolens)-based topical product, as a repellent against natural mosquito populations was evaluated in comparison to commercial (Insect Block 28) and standard (25% DEET) repellents in Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand. These repellent products afforded encouragingly excellent personal protection against a broad range of mosquito species belonging to various genera, including Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, and Mansonia. No mosquito bite was observed on the volunteers treated with G10 and Insect Block 28 throughout the field study, whereas two species, i.

Celery-based topical repellents as a potential natural alternative for personal protection against mosquitoes.

Celery-based products were investigated for chemical composition, skin irritation, and mosquito repellency in comparison to commercial repellents and the standard chemical, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), with a goal to develop a natural alternative to synthetic repellents for protection against mosquitoes. Chemical identification by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry discovered that the major constituents of Apium graveolens hexane extract (AHE) were 3-n-butyl-tetrahydrophthalide (92.48%), followed by 5.

Aromatic plant-derived essential oil: an alternative larvicide for mosquito control.

Five aromatic plants, Carum carvi (caraway), Apium graveolens (celery), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Zanthoxylum limonella (mullilam) and Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) were selected for investigating larvicidal potential against mosquito vectors. Two laboratory-reared mosquito species, Anopheles dirus, the major malaria vector in Thailand, and Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in urban areas, were used. All of the volatile oils exerted significant larvicidal activity against the two mosquito species after 24-h exposure.

Effectiveness of Zanthoxylum piperitum-derived essential oil as an alternative repellent under laboratory and field applications.

Recently, there were considerable efforts made to promote the use of environmentally friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides and repellents, particularly from botanical sources. In this study, Zanthoxylum piperitum-derived essential oil isolated by steam distillation was investigated and compared to the standard synthetic repellent, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), for repellency against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. The oil of Z.

Essential oils as potential adulticides against two populations of Aedes aegypti, the laboratory and natural field strains, in Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand.

Essential oils derived from five plant species, celery (Apium graveolens), caraway (Carum carvi), zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria), long pepper (Piper longum), and Chinese star anise (Illicium verum), were subjected to investigation of adulticidal activity against mosquito vectors. Two populations of Aedes aegypti, the laboratory and natural field strains, collected in Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand were tested in pyrethroid-susceptibility bioassays. The results revealed that the natural field strain of A.

Negative-ELISA using native and filtrated cystic fluid antigens to rule out cystic echinococcosis.

An increasing number of cases of echinococcosis in Thailand have been imported, probably native infections and medical transfers. Serodiagnosis is one diagnostic choice for interpreting infections before a further step is done. Due to limited antigen, indirect ELISA has been used as a negative screening test for IgG-detection to rule out echinococcosis.

Detection of IgG antibodies of Brugian filariasis with crude male and female antigens of Dirofilaria immitis.

Crude antigens from male and female Dirofilaria immitis were used to detect antibody to Brugian filariasis in humans by indirect ELISA. Both antigens were tested with 42 cases of Brugian filariasis, 131 cases of 20 heterologous infections and 35 healthy controls. The results--using male and female antigens--showed sensitivity of 88.

Repellent properties of celery, Apium graveolens L., compared with commercial repellents, against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions.

In our search for new bioactive products against mosquito vectors, we reported the slightly larvicidal and adulticidal potency, but remarkable repellency of Apium graveolens both in laboratory and field conditions. Repellency of the ethanolic preparation of hexane-extracted A. graveolens was, therefore, investigated and compared with those of 15 commercial mosquito repellents including the most widely used, DEET.

Improvement of function and morphology of tumor necrosis factor-alpha treated endothelial cells with 17-beta estradiol: a preliminary study for a feasible simple model for atherosclerosis.

Background: Dysfunction of endothelial cells (EC) to produce endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) causes critical features of vascular inflammation associated with several disease states (eg, atherosclerosis including increased platelet aggregation and adhesion on EC, elevated adhesion molecules and enhanced inflammatory cells binding to EC). 17-beta estradiol (E2) can stimulate eNOS production and improve the critical features of atherosclerosis. Using TNF-alpha and E2, we attempted to develop an in vitro vascular model for studying atherosclerosis.

Comparative assessment of the in vitro sensitivity of Brugia malayi infective larvae to albendazole, diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin alone and in combination.

The antifilaricidal drugs ivermectin (IVM), diethylcarbamazine (DEC), and albendazole (ALB), used alone or in combinations against infective third-stage larvae (L3) of nocturnally subperiodic (NSP) Brugia malayi (Narathiwat strain), were tested in vitro for sensitivity, for 7 days. IVM alone reduced larval motility at concentrations of 10(-7), 10(-6), and 10(-5) M on day 3. DEC alone also had this effect at concentrations of 10(-6).

Potential of crude seed extract of celery, Apium graveolens L., against the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae).

Crude seed extract of celery, Apium graveolens, was investigated for anti-mosquito potential, including larvicidal, adulticidal, and repellent activities against Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue haemorrhagic fever. The ethanol-extracted A. graveolens possessed larvicidal activity against fourth instar larvae of Ae.

The in vitro effect of albendazole, ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and their combinations against infective third-stage larvae of nocturnally subperiodic Brugia malayi (Narathiwat strain): scanning electron microscopy.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to observe the effects of ivermectin (IVM), diethylcarbamazine (DEC), and albendazole (ALB) alone, and the drugs in combination (ALB+IVM and ALB+DEC) against infective third stage larvae (L3) of nocturnally subperiodic (NSP) Brugia malayi (Narathiwat strain) in vitro. IVM, at a concentration of 10(-4) M, killed L3 within 1-2 h. The SEM data showed damage to the L3 surface and loss of regular cuticular annulations.

Mosquito repellency of the seeds of celery (Apium graveolens L.).

When the mosquito repellencies of four fractions of Apium graveolens seeds (one hexane, two dichloromethane and one methanolic) were investigated in the laboratory, all four were found to offer human volunteers some protection against female, adult Aedes aegypti. The hexane fraction, however, was found to exhibit the highest repellency in the laboratory, with median effective doses (ED50) and ED95 of 0.41 and 2.

Repellency of aromatic turmeric Curcuma aromatica under laboratory and field conditions.

Three Curcuma species, Curcuma aeruginosa (pink and blue ginger), Cu. aromatica (aromatic turmeric), and Cu. xanthorrhiza (giant curcuma), were selected for investigation of mosquito repellent activity.