A clinical and laboratory study to compare the addition of 0.2 mg of morphine, 0.2 mg of epinephrine, or their combination to hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section.

The aim of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to compare the effects of adding either preservative-free morphine, 0.2 mg (n = 20), epinephrine, 0.2 mg (n = 21), or a combination of both (n = 29) to hyperbaric bupivacaine in parturients having elective cesarean sections during spinal anesthesia.