The Immunoarchitecture of Human Extraocular Muscles.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the immunoarchitecture of normal extraocular muscles (EOMs) in terms of presence, distribution, and organization of various immune cells.

Methods: We performed unilateral orbital exenterations in six fresh human cadavers from elderly patients, followed by dissection of the medial, lateral, superior and inferior rectus, superior and inferior oblique, and superior palpebral levator muscle in their entirety. We further cross sectioned each EOM in an anterior, central, and posterior third.

Primary retinal tauopathy: A tauopathy with a distinct molecular pattern.

Background: Phosphorylated tau (p-tau) accumulation, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), can also be found in the retina. However, it is uncertain whether it is linked to AD or another tauopathy.

Methods: Retinas from 164 individuals, with and without AD, were analyzed for p-tau accumulation and its relationship with age, dementia, and vision impairment.

Role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic uveal melanoma: a single-center retrospective cohort study.

Background: Uveal melanoma is an orphan malignancy with very limited data on treatment options in metastatic setting.

Methods: In this singlecenter retrospective study, we describe real-world epidemiological and survival data on 121 metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM) patients registered in our institution. As a large tertiary referral center, almost 30% of all diagnoses in the Flemish region of Belgium were covered.

Investigation of the effectiveness of a new portable 'cryopen' probe for cryotherapy (CryoTreq®).

Background: To test the effectiveness of a new, innovative, single-use handheld 'cryopen' (CryoTreq®), which has been developed and marketed by Vitreq.

Methods: Animal testing of cryopexy using the Cryotreq ® in two pig eyes was performed.

Results: The biological effects of cryopexy were observed.

Delayed orbital fibrosing inflammation from a retained crayon.

A 39-year-old woman presented with sudden onset of double vision, right upper eyelid swelling and ptosis, and orbital pain. Imaging revealed an irregular mass of the upper right orbit with central non-enhancing areas. Upon inquiry, the patient recalled an intraorbital trauma with a crayon in her childhood, 35 years ago.

Analysis of Vitreous Samples by the Cellient® Automated Cell Block System: A Six-year Review of Specimens in a Uveitis Population.

Purpose: To further evaluate the value of a standardized method to analyze vitreous samples using the Cellient® automated cell block system in the diagnosis of unsolved uveitis.

Methods: Six hundred sixty-four pure vitreous samples obtained from patients with unsolved uveitis between March 2012 and May 2018 at University Hospitals Leuven, fixed in PreservCyt® and processed by the Cellient tissue processor, were included in the study.

Results: n 86.

How a Devastating Case of Sclerokeratitis Ended up with Serious Systemic Sequelae.

A 35-year old soft contact lens wearer with a proven bilateral keratitis developed a nodular scleritis. Based on the stepladder approach described by Iovieno et al. [Ophthalmology.

Primary vitreous cysts.

To report two cases of vitreous cysts with discussion of their pathophysiology and management. Clinical examination with fundus photography, ultrasound and optical coherence tomography. Histopathology was performed in the first case.

Endogenous Endophthalmitis Caused by Isolated Listeria Monocytogenes Infection.

: The purpose of this report is to present an extremely rare case of endogenous Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis.: A 72-year-old woman was diagnosed with endogenous endophthalmitis. Listeria monocytogenes was identified by culture of aqueous humor.

Ectopic Tubular Papillary Apocrine Adenoma on the Eyelid: A Case Report of Misleading Clinical Presentation and Location.

We report the case of a 38-year-old patient with a tubular apocrine adenoma with papillary differentiation. The clinician was challenged in her diagnosis by the initially misleading appearance and ectopic location. Histopathological findings and immunohistochemistry delivered conclusive proof for the correct diagnosis.

Orbital tumor associated with a microphthalmic eye and colobomatous cleft: Pilocytic astrocytoma (glioma) or massive retinal gliosis.

A 11-year-old boy with congenital microphthalmos of the right eye presented with gradual protrusion of his ocular prosthesis. MRI showed an orbital mass adjacent to the microphthalmic eye. After removal of the eye and the orbital soft tissue mass a gliotic mass, resembling a pilocytic astrocytoma WHO grade 1 (glioma) was diagnosed.

The Conjunctiva in Normal Tension Glaucoma Patients is Thinner Than in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Patients: A Comparative Histologic Study.

Purpose: To compare histologically the thickness of conjunctival specimens of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients.

Materials And Methods: In this prospective study, 54 patients scheduled for trabeculectomy were categorized into NTG and POAG based on their maximum untreated intraocular pressure at any time (IOPmax) as measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry. Sixteen patients with NTG (IOPmax≤21 mm Hg) and 36 patients with high tension POAG (IOPmax>21 mm Hg) were included in the study.

A new and standardized method to sample and analyse vitreous samples by the Cellient automated cell block system.

Purpose: In this prospective study, a universal protocol for sampling and analysing vitreous material was investigated. Vitreous biopsies are difficult to handle because of the paucity of cells and the gelatinous structure of the vitreous. Histopathological analysis of the vitreous is useful in difficult uveitis cases to differentiate uveitis from lymphoma or infection and to define the type of cellular reaction.

Clinical presentation, pathological features and natural course of metastatic uveal melanoma, an orphan and commonly fatal disease.

Background: Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare disease characterized by an unpredictable course and a variable outcome. We assessed the natural course of patients with metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM).

Methods: Data from 76 patients with MUM who were treated in Leuven between 1957 and 2008 were examined retrospectively.

Choroidal paraganglioma with metastases to the fellow eye.

Purpose: To report a case of a paraganglioma in the right eye with metastatic disease in the fellow eye 3 years later.

Methods: A 70-year-old man presented with a painful amblyopic right eye; rubeosis iridis and a large choroidal tumor were found. The tumor was treated by enucleation.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma of the corneoscleral limbus: report of two cases.

Purpose: To report the clinical and histopathologic findings of limbal juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) in two children.

Methods: Case report.

Results: Two children (a 9-month old boy and a 4-year old girl) presented with an enlarging yellowish mass at the corneoscleral limbus.

Preoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or steroid and outcomes after trabeculectomy: a randomized controlled trial.

Purpose: To investigate the benefit of preoperative treatment with either topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or steroid in terms of clinical outcomes following trabeculectomy.

Design: Prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Participants: Sixty-one patients.

Precipitation of calcium salts on a hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens after a vitreous hemorrhage: case report and histopathologic correlation.

We describe the formation of calcium phosphate deposits on the external anterior surface of a single-piece foldable 26% hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) after vitreal bleeding. The IOL was explanted 20 months after uneventful phacotrabeculectomy because opacification was causing significant visual disturbance. Light microscopy and Raman spectroscopy of the explanted IOL showed that the opacification consisted of calcium phosphate on the IOL surface.

Sub-inner limiting membrane haemorrhage: causes and treatment with vitrectomy.

Background: Preretinal haemorrhages usually occur at the interface between the posterior hyaloid and inner limiting membrane (ILM). Less frequently, they are located between the ILM and the retinal nerve fibre layer. Sub-ILM haemorrhages have been described in a variety of clinical settings and often lead to severe visual impairment because of their predilection for the macular region.

A second decorin frame shift mutation in a family with congenital stromal corneal dystrophy.

Purpose: To identify the genetic defect in a Belgian family with congenital stromal corneal dystrophy.

Design: Case report and result of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analyses.

Methods: DNA sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products generated from amplification of exons and adjacent introns of the decorin gene.

Report of a new family with dominant congenital heredity stromal dystrophy of the cornea.

Purpose: To report a new family with the rare form of congenital and hereditary stromal dystrophy of the cornea.

Methods: A mother and son, showing a bilateral congenital clouding of the cornea, were studied clinically and by biomicroscopy. After corneal transplantation, light microscopy and electron microscopy were performed.