Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Cyclopropylthiophenes and Their Derivatization.

The cyclopropylthiophene moiety has attracted the attention of the scientific community for its potential pharmaceutical applications. However, synthesis of the compounds containing this framework remains challenging, has rarely been reported and remains unresolved. Here we provide optimized syntheses for cyclopropylthiophenes and their derivatives, containing carbonyl, acetyl, carboxylic acid, methyl carboxylate, nitrile, bromide and sulfonyl chloride moieties.

Effect of Substituents with the Different Electron-Donating Abilities on Optoelectronic Properties of Bipolar Thioxanthone Derivatives.

The synthesis and optoelectronic properties of four simple-structure thioxanthone derivatives employing thioxanthone as an acceptor unit, coupled with moieties having very different electron-donating abilities such as phenoxazine, 3,6-di--butylcarbazole, 3,7-di-butylphenothiazine, or 2,7-di--butyl-9,9-dimethylacridane, are reported. The compounds form molecular glasses with glass transition temperatures reaching 116 °C. Ionization potentials of the compounds estimated by photoelectron emission method range from 5.

Electrochemical SEIRAS Analysis of Imidazole-Ring-Functionalized Self-Assembled Monolayers.

An essential amino acid, histidine, has a vital role in the secondary structure and catalytic activity of proteins because of the diverse interactions its side chain imidazole (Im) ring can take part in. Among these interactions, hydrogen donating and accepting bonding are often found to operate at the charged interfaces. However, despite the great biological significance, hydrogen-bond interactions are difficult to investigate at electrochemical interfaces due to the lack of appropriate experimental methods.

Electrochemical Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Imidazole Ring Functionalized Monolayer on Smooth Gold Electrode.

The imidazole ring (Im) of histidine side chains plays a unique role in the function of proteins through covalent bonding with metal ions and hydrogen bonding interactions with adjusted biomolecules and water. At biological interfaces, these interactions are modified because of the presence of an electric field. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with the functional Im group mimic the histidine side chain at electrified interfaces.

Mobilization of cardiovascular function during the constant-load and all-out exercise tests.

The problem of evaluating the mobilization of body functioning during exercise combines two questions: first, the velocity of adaptation at onset of exercise, and second, to what extent the body function was mobilized. The aim of this study was to find out the peculiarities in mobilization of cardiovascular function during constant-load and all-out exercise tests in non-athletes and sportsmen: cohorts of sprinters, endurance and combat athletes. Every subject underwent a Roufier's test (30 squats per 45 seconds), a 30-second duration maximal vertical jump test, and a bicycle ergometry (graded stress).