Cellular senescence predicts breast cancer risk from benign breast disease biopsy images.

Background: Each year, millions of women undergo breast biopsies. Of these, 80% are negative for malignancy but some may be at elevated risk of invasive breast cancer (IBC) due to the presence of benign breast disease (BBD). Cellular senescence plays a complex but poorly understood role in breast cancer development and the presence or absence of these cells may have prognostic value.

Magnetic resonance imaging measures of fat distribution and risk of cancer.

Background Excess adiposity has been associated with an increased risk of several types of cancer. The relationship of fat tissue distribution in the body with these outcomes is less well known. Using data from the UK Biobank imaging substudy, we evaluated the prospective relationship between MRI-derived measurements of adipose tissue distribution and the risk of the major site-specific cancers associated with obesity.

The association between the healthy lifestyle index and MRI-derived body composition measurements in the UK Biobank study.

A high healthy lifestyle index (HLI) score, which reflects an adequate amount of sleep, no alcohol consumption, no smoking, a moderate to high physical activity level, a high quality diet, and a normal body mass index (BMI), has been associated with reduced risk of morbidity and mortality. We examined the relationship between the HLI and measurements of adipose and lean tissue volumes measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We studied 33,002 participants in the UK Biobank study, aged 40-69 years at enrolment.

Associations of Lifestyle and Genetic Risks with Obesity and Related Chronic Diseases in the UK Biobank: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Interplay between lifestyle risk scores (LRSs) and genetic risk scores (GRSs) on obesity and related chronic diseases are underinvestigated and necessary for understanding obesity causes and developing prevention strategies.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate independent and joint associations and interactions of LRS and GRS with obesity prevalence and risks of diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and obesity-related cancer.

Methods: In this cohort study of 444,957 UK Biobank participants [age: 56.

Circulating levels of biomarkers and risk of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in the UK Biobank study.

Observational studies have shown associations between circulating levels of various biomarkers (eg, total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL], insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1], C-reactive protein [CRP] and glycated hemoglobin-1c [HbA1c]) and the risk of invasive breast cancer (IBC). Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS) is a nonobligate precursor of IBC and shares several risk factors with it. However, the relationship between these biomarkers and DCIS risk remains unexplored.

Metabolic Syndrome and the Risk of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast in the UK Biobank.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), defined by the presence of three of more metabolic dysregulations such as hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, central obesity, and hypertension, has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and various cancers, including invasive breast cancer (IBC). Whether MetS is a risk factor for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS), a nonobligate precursor of IBC, remains unknown.

Methods: A total of 198,748 women ages 40 to 69 years, DCIS- and IBC-free at enrolment in UK Biobank, were included in the current study.

Menopausal hormone therapy and change in physical activity in the Women's Health Initiative hormone therapy clinical trials.

Objective: The menopausal transition results in a progressive decrease in circulating estrogen levels. Experimental evidence in rodents has indicated that estrogen depletion leads to a reduction of energy expenditure and physical activity. It is unclear whether treatment with estrogen therapy increases physical activity level in postmenopausal women.

Association Between the Healthy Lifestyle Index and Risk of Multimorbidity in the Women's Health Initiative.

Background: Multimorbidity, defined as the presence of 2 or more chronic health conditions, is increasingly common among older adults. The combination of lifestyle characteristics such as diet quality, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity (PA), sleep duration, and body fat as assessed by body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference, and risk of multimorbidity are not well understood.

Objectives: We investigated the association between the healthy lifestyle index (HLI), generated by combining indicators of diet quality, smoking, alcohol, PA, sleep amount, and BMI, and risk of multimorbidity, a composite outcome that included cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, cancer, and fracture.

Healthy Lifestyle Index and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Postmenopausal Women With Normal Body Mass Index.

Background A lifestyle comprising a healthy diet, light alcohol consumption, no smoking, and moderate or intense physical activity has been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined the association of a healthy lifestyle index (HLI), derived from scores for each of these components plus waist circumference, with the risk of incident CVD and CVD subtypes in postmenopausal women with normal body mass index (18.5-<25.

Association of sleep duration and insomnia with metabolic syndrome and its components in the Women's Health Initiative.

Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests that inadequate sleep duration and insomnia may be associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, longitudinal data with repeated measures of sleep duration and insomnia and of MetS are limited. We examined the association of sleep duration and insomnia with MetS and its components using longitudinal data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI).

Association of Prediagnostic Serum Levels of Vitamin D with Risk of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast in the UK Biobank Cohort Study.

Background: Higher circulating levels of vitamin D [25(OH)D] have been associated with reduced risk of developing invasive breast cancer. However, their association with risk of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast has received little attention.

Methods: We examined the association of serum vitamin D with risk of DCIS in 231,203 women, aged 40 to 69 years at enrollment in the UK Biobank cohort study.

Healthy lifestyle index and the risk of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in the Women's Health Initiative.

A relatively high healthy lifestyle index (HLI) score, representing a healthy diet, participation in moderate to vigorous physical exercise, no smoking, low to no alcohol intake and a normal body mass index, has been associated with a reduced risk of invasive breast cancer. However, no study has shown an association between the HLI and the risk of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS), which is considered to be a nonobligate precursor of invasive breast cancer. We evaluated this association in a prospective cohort of 132 230 postmenopausal women, aged 50 to 79 years, recruited between 1993 and 1998 across the United States and enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative study.

Healthy lifestyle index and risk of pancreatic cancer in the Women's Health Initiative.

Purpose: Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol, body weight, physical activity, and diet quality have been associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer. However, studies of their combined association in women are limited.

Methods: Data on smoking habits, alcohol intake, diet composition, recreational physical activity, body weight, and waist circumference, obtained at recruitment for 136,945 postmenopausal women (aged 50-79 years) participating in the Women's Health Initiative study, were categorized separately, with higher scores for each variable assigned to the categories representing healthier behaviors.

Physical activity and risk of benign proliferative epithelial disorders of the breast, in the Women's Health Initiative.

Background: Recreational physical activity (PA) has been shown to be inversely associated with breast cancer risk. However, the association of recreational PA with benign proliferative epithelial disorders (BPED) of the breast, conditions associated with increased risk of breast cancer, has not been adequately studied.

Methods: We used data from an ancillary study of benign breast disease conducted among the 68 132 postmenopausal women (aged 50-79 at recruitment) participating in the Women's Health Initiative randomized clinical trials.

Association of a Healthy Lifestyle Index with Risk of Breast Cancer among Women with Normal Body Mass Index in the UK Biobank.

Background: A high healthy lifestyle index (HLI), a composite score based on good diet quality, low alcohol consumption, no smoking, moderate to high physical activity, and waist circumference <80 cm, has been consistently associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Recently, high levels of body fat were found to be associated with an elevated risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women with a normal body mass index (BMI; 18.5-<25 kg/m2).

A Randomized Trial of Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast.

Background: The effect of calcium plus vitamin D (CaD) supplementation on risk of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast, a nonobligate precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma, is not well understood. In this secondary analysis, we examined this association in the Women's Health Initiative CaD trial over approximately 20 years of follow-up.

Methods: A total of 36 282 cancer-free postmenopausal women (50-79 years) were randomly assigned to daily (d) calcium (1000 mg) plus vitamin D (400 IU) supplementation or to a placebo.

Low-Fat Dietary Modification and Risk of Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial.

Background: Results of observational studies of the association between dietary fat and risk of invasive breast cancer have been inconsistent. In the Women's Health Initiative dietary modification (DM) randomized trial designed to lower fat intake, the intervention was not associated with a statistically significant reduction of overall breast cancer risk. However, the DM association with risk of ductal carcinoma (DCIS) of the breast, a putative breast cancer precursor, has not been reported.

Longitudinal multi-gene panel assessment of circulating tumor DNA revealed tumor burden and molecular characteristics along treatment course of non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: Most studies associating circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) with outcome in lung cancer treatment were either cross-sectional or, if longitudinal, only analyzed a limited number of genes. This study evaluated the potential of utilizing ctDNA profiled by a panel of common cancer genes to monitor tumor burden and to reveal molecular characteristics of tumor along treatment course.

Methods: Twenty Chinese non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with serial plasma samples collected (I) before starting on either first- or second-line treatment, (II) at stable disease on treatment, and (III) upon disease progression, were analyzed for mutations in ctDNA using the PGDx 64-gene panel.

Sex hormones, SHBG and risk of colon and rectal cancer among men and women in the UK Biobank.

Background: Experimental studies have suggested a role for sex hormones in the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) but epidemiological data are inconclusive.

Methods: We examined the associations of testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), with risk of CRC (n = 3,247) in 206,508 men and 219,106 women enrolled in the UK Biobank. Participants were followed for a median of 7.

Association of Sex Hormones with Risk of Cancers of the Pancreas, Kidney, and Brain in the UK Biobank Cohort Study.

Background: There is some evidence to suggest that endogenous levels of sex hormones might influence the etiology of cancers of the pancreas, kidney, and brain, but epidemiologic data are lacking.

Methods: We evaluated the association of circulating levels of total and free testosterone, and of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), with the risk of cancers of the pancreas, kidney, and brain, and of total and free estradiol with the risk of kidney cancer, in the UK Biobank cohort study ( = 425,793; 225 pancreatic cancers, 749 kidney cancers, 467 brain cancers). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate HRs and 95% confidence intervals for the associations.

Diabetes, Glycated Hemoglobin, and Risk of Cancer in the UK Biobank Study.

Background: Evidence suggest that diabetes and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels are associated with cancer risk. However, previous studies have been limited variably by failure to adjust for cancer-specific risk factors (e.g.

Risk factors for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in the UK Biobank cohort study.

Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS) is considered to be a non-obligate precursor of invasive breast cancer (IBC). This suggests that risk factors for DCIS should be a subset of those for IBC. To this end, we investigated whether demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors that have been linked to IBC risk are also associated with DCIS risk.

Smoking and alcohol drinking effect on radiotherapy associated risk of second primary cancer and mortality among breast cancer patients.

Background: Smoking and alcohol consumption are potential risk factors for breast cancer (BC) and may modify the risk of radiotherapy-associated second primary cancer (SPC) occurrence and total mortality. We explored the joint effect of smoking, or alcohol drinking, and radiotherapy on the risk of SPC and overall mortality among BC survivals.

Methods: We conducted a cancer registry-based study of 10,676 BC cases (stage 0-III) with data on smoking and alcohol consumption at time of diagnosis and clinical and therapeutics characteristics.

Mapping Residency Global Health Experiences to the ACGME Family Medicine Milestones.

Background And Objectives: Global health (GH) experiences are a unique part of family medicine (FM) training that offer an opportunity for residents to demonstrate development across a multitude of the milestones recently implemented by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). The GH experience presents an opportunity for resident development, and including a component of written reflection can provide tangible evidence of development in areas that can be difficult to assess.

Methods: A mixed methods approach was used to integrate quantitative (frequency) data with qualitative content from the written reflections of 12 of our FM residents who participated in GH experiences.