Comprehensive two-dimensional GC for the analysis of low-molecular-weight oxygenates in three different matrices from a petrochemical pilot plant using a single calibration.

A method using comprehensive (2) DGC with flame ionisation detection was developed to quantify 17 low-molecular-weight oxygenates in three different matrices, namely water, oil and gas, using a single calibration. The method was required for the pilot-plant experiments of a chemical process unit. From an analytical perspective, the first task was to find a suitable analytical method with sufficient selectivity and sensitivity to analyse the selected oxygenates at low levels in the presence of high levels of hydrocarbons.

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the analysis of synthetic and crude-derived jet fuels.

Fully synthetic jet fuel (FSJF) produced via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) technology was recently approved by the international aviation fuel authorities. To receive approval, comparison of FSJF and crude-derived fuel and blends on their qualitative and quantitative hydrocarbon composition was of utmost importance. This was performed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) in the reversed phase mode.

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the analysis of Fischer-Tropsch oil products.

The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process involves a series of catalysed reactions of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, originating from coal, natural gas or biomass, leading to a variety of synthetic chemicals and fuels. The benefits of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) compared to one-dimensional GC (1D-GC) for the detailed investigation of the oil products of low and high temperature FT processes are presented. GC×GC provides more accurate quantitative data to construct Anderson-Schultz-Flory (ASF) selectivity models that correlate the FT product distribution with reaction variables.

Fractionation by liquid chromatography combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for analysis of cyclics in oligomerisation products of Fischer-Tropsch derived light alkenes.

In oligomerisation products of High Temperature Fischer-Tropsch (HTFT) derived light alkenes using a solid phosphoric acid (SPA) catalyst, the presence of cyclics was presumed although their occurrence could not be explained by the generally accepted oligomerisation mechanism. Notwithstanding the use of GC×GC-TOFMS, the cyclic alkanes could not be differentiated from the alkenes. On the one hand, compounds co-eluted in GC×GC and, on the other hand, MS cannot distinguish between these classes because of identical molecular masses and very similar mass fragmentation patterns.

The use of GC x GC with time-of-flight mass spectrometry to investigate dienes and Diels-Alder polymerisation products in high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch-based fuels.

Comprehensive GC in the reversed polarity mode i.e. a polar main column and an apolar secondary column have been used to differentiate cyclic olefins, dienes and cyclic dienes in high temperature Fischer-Tropsch (FT)-based fuels.