The effects of light cycle phase on morphine-induced conditioned taste aversions in the Lewis, Fischer and Sprague-Dawley rat strains.

The present experiment investigated the effect of light cycle phase on morphine-induced conditioned taste aversions in the Lewis (LEW), Fischer (F344) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat strains. Separate groups of rats from each strain were trained during either the light phase or the dark phase on a procedure in which saccharin was paired with one of two doses of morphine (or vehicle). With 3.

Utilising theories of change to understand the engagement of general practitioners in service improvement: a formative evaluation of the Lewisham Depression Programme.

Background: Mental health issues such as depression are commonly treated within primary care. In accordance with new UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance, primary care practitioners have increased responsibilities to manage mild depression in primary care. This paper reports on an evaluation of a depression programme marketing strategy, and factors contributing towards practitioner engagement or non-engagement.

Demand for cocaine and food over time.

When reinterpreted, data from Ahmed and Koob [Ahmed, S.H., Koob, G.

Linking theory and practice for restoration of step-pool streams.

Step-pools sequences are increasingly used to restore stream channels. This increase corresponds to significant advances in theory for step-pools in recent years. The need for step-pools in stream restoration arises as urban development encroaches into steep terrain in response to population pressures, as stream channels in lower-gradient areas require stabilization due to hydrological alterations associated with land-use changes, and as step-pools are recognized for their potential to enhance stream habitats.

Genetic and early environmental contributions to alcohol's aversive and physiological effects.

Genetic and early environmental factors interact to influence ethanol's motivational effects. To explore these issues, a reciprocal cross-fostering paradigm was applied to Fischer and Lewis rats. The adult female offspring received vehicle or the kappa opioid antagonist nor-BNI (1 mg/kg) followed by assessments of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) and hypothermia induced by 1.

Discriminative stimulus properties of naloxone in Long-Evans rats: assessment with the conditioned taste aversion baseline of drug discrimination learning.

Rationale: The characterization of the discriminative stimulus properties of naloxone has focused primarily on its actions at the mu opioid receptor, although naloxone also displays an affinity for delta and kappa receptor subtypes.

Objectives: The present study extends this characterization of the naloxone cue by investigating if relatively specific antagonists for the mu (naltrexone: 0.10-0.

Adolescent exposure to nicotine alters the aversive effects of cocaine in adult rats.

Nicotine is one of the most commonly used drugs in adolescence and has been shown to alter the rewarding effects of cocaine when administered in adulthood. Although the abuse potential of a drug has been suggested to be a balance between its rewarding and aversive effects, the long-term effects of nicotine on the aversive properties of other drugs had not been studied. To that end, in the present study rats exposed to nicotine (0.

Prasugrel: a novel antiplatelet agent.

Purpose: The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and adverse effects of prasugrel, a novel antiplatelet agent, are described.

Summary: Prasugrel is a third-generation thienopyridine. Like clopidogrel, prasugrel is a prodrug requiring hepatic metabolism to its active form to bind irreversibly to the P2Y(12) adenosine diphosphate receptor and inhibits platelet aggregation for the life of the platelet.

Conditioned flavor aversions: assessment of drug-induced suppression of food intake.

Administration of a drug following ingestion of a novel food or solution often suppresses subsequent intake of the new food or solution. This suppression is associative, in that consumption is not suppressed when there is no temporal relationship between consumption and drug administration. The robust nature of aversion learning has made this procedure a sensitive and widely used behavioral index of drug side effects.

Parental mental and pain-related health and pediatric ambulatory care sensitive emergency department visits and hospitalizations.

Objective: To investigate the types of parental psychiatric and pain-related (PR) conditions that are associated with inadequate management of children's health and medical needs.

Data Sources: The 1997-1998 Thomson/Medstat MarketScan claims and administrative dataset.

Study Design: A cross-sectional study that assessed the associations between parents' claims for psychiatric and PR conditions, and their children's well-child care as well as emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations for conditions that can be treated effectively in outpatient settings (ambulatory care sensitive [ACS] conditions).

Development of a family-based program to reduce risk and promote resilience among families affected by maternal depression: theoretical basis and program description.

Depression is a family matter. It not only diminishes the quality-of-life of the depressed person, but also strains the resources of the family unit and increases the children's risk of developing significant problems that start early and persist into adulthood. Although treatment of a parent's depression is critical, many families also need professional intervention to reduce children's risk.

Essential value of cocaine and food in rats: tests of the exponential model of demand.

Rationale: To provide a prospective test of the predictive adequacy of the exponential model of demand (Hursh and Silberberg, Psych Rev 115(1):186-198, 2008).

Objectives: In Experiment 1, to measure the 'essential value' (the propensity to defend consumption with changes in price) of cocaine and food in a demand analysis (functional relation between price and consumption) by means of the exponential model; in Experiment 2, to test whether the model's systematic underestimation of cocaine consumption in Experiment 1 was due to weight loss; and in Experiment 3, to evaluate the effects of cocaine on the essential value of food.

Materials And Methods: In Experiment 1, demand curves for food and cocaine were determined by measuring consumption of these goods in a multiple schedule over a range of fixed ratios; in Experiment 2, a demand curve for only cocaine was determined; and in Experiment 3, demand for food was determined in the absence of cocaine.

Early maternal separation and sex differences in the aversive effects of amphetamine in adult rats.

Early life stress increases vulnerability to psychostimulant abuse, sometimes in a sex-dependent manner. These effects are presumably produced by modulation of neurobiological reward mechanisms; however, drug intake is also influenced by sensitivity to the drug's aversive properties, and little is known about the effects of early life stress on stimulant aversion. To assess this possibility, Sprague-Dawley rat litters experienced daily separation from the dam for 3 h (MS) or 15 min (H) on post-natal days 2-14; control litters (AFR) experienced twice-weekly routine animal facility care only.

Frequency discrimination in children: perception, learning and attention.

It is generally believed that both sensory immaturity and inattention contribute to the poor listening of some children. However, the relative contribution of each factor, within and between individuals, and the nature of the inattention are poorly understood. In three experiments we examined the threshold and response variability of 6-11 y.

The effects of nicotine on ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversions in Long-Evans rats.

Rationale: Overall drug acceptability is thought to be a function of the balance between its rewarding and aversive effects, the latter of which is reportedly affected by polydrug use.

Objectives: Given that nicotine and alcohol are commonly co-used, the present experiments sought to assess nicotine's impact on ethanol's aversive effects within a conditioned taste aversion design.

Materials And Methods: Experiment 1 examined various doses of nicotine (0, 0.

Validity of the health profile-types of the Spanish Child Health and Illness Profile-Adolescent Edition (CHIP-AE).

Objective: To develop and validate a simplified, easy to interpret scoring system based on the health profile-types taxonomy for the Spanish version of the Child Health and Illness Profile-Adolescent Edition (CHIP-AE).

Methods: The CHIP-AE was administered to a 1453 Spanish adolescents. Hierarchic and nonhierarchical cluster analyses, as well as conceptual considerations, were used to identify exhaustive, mutually exclusive health profile-types based in four CHIP-AE domain scores: Satisfaction, Discomfort, Resilience, and Risks.

Noradrenergic antagonism enhances the conditioned aversive effects of cocaine.

The propensity to self-administer cocaine may be a function of both its positively reinforcing and aversive effects, with the latter acting as a limiting factor on overall drug taking. However, relative to what is known about the physiological underpinnings of cocaine's positively reinforcing effects, little is known about its aversive effects. There is some evidence that cocaine's aversive effects, as indexed in the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) preparation, are catecholaminergically mediated, i.

An assessment of sex differences in nicotine-induced conditioned taste aversions.

Sex differences in taste aversion learning have been reported for a number of different compounds. It is unknown, however, to what degree, if any, such differences exist when nicotine is the aversion-inducing agent. To address this issue, in the present experiment male and female rats were given limited access to saccharin followed by an intraperitoneal (i.

Patterns of switching phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: results from the Erectile Dysfunction Observational Study.

Aims: This report describes patterns of treatment changes with the phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors tadalafil, sildenafil and vardenafil, and variables associated with those treatment changes, during the 6-month, prospective, pan-European Erectile Dysfunction Observational Study (EDOS).

Methods: EDOS observed 8047 men > or = 18 years old with erectile dysfunction (ED), who began or changed ED therapy as part of their routine healthcare. Patients could change ED treatment at any time during EDOS.

Development of a communicative performance scale for pediatric cochlear implantation.

Objective: Verbal communicative competence is the main objective after early cochlear implantation in deaf children. However, there are currently no validated instruments to assess a child's real-world communicative abilities. We adopted a rigorous methodological approach to systematically develop the Functioning after Pediatric Cochlear Implantation instrument (FAPCI), a family-centered communicative performance scale based on a conceptual model of functioning established by the World Health Organization.

Antiretroviral treatment roll-out in a resource-constrained setting: capitalizing on nursing resources in Botswana.

Problem: As programmes to deliver antiretroviral therapy (ART) are implemented in resource-constrained settings, the problem becomes not how these programmes are going to be financed but who will be responsible for delivering and sustaining them.

Approach: Physician-led models of HIV treatment and care that have evolved in industrialized countries are not replicable in settings with a high prevalence of HIV infection and limited access to medical staff. Therefore, models of care need to make better use of available human resources.

Cross-fostering and the extinction of cocaine's conditioned aversive effects: evidence for gene-environment interaction.

Although genetic and early environmental factors interact to affect drug abuse in humans, surprisingly few tractable laboratory animal models have been developed. Using reciprocal cross-fostering of the inbred Fischer and Lewis rat strains, we recently reported significant gene-environment interaction effects on responses to the aversive properties of 32 mg/kg subcutaneous cocaine, but only in females [Roma PG., Davis CM, Riley AL.