Are school uniforms associated with gender inequalities in physical activity? A pooled analysis of population-level data from 135 countries/regions.

Purpose: It is aimed to assess whether school uniforms are associated with population-level gender inequalities in physical activity, and whether associations differ by school level, country/region income, and assessment method.

Methods: An ecological study design was employed. We collected data about global uniform practices using an online survey.

Incomplete reporting of complex interventions: a call to action for journal editors to review their submission guidelines.

Reporting of intervention research has been inadequate for many years. The development and promotion of freely available checklists aims to address this problem by providing researchers with a list of items that require reporting to enable study interpretation and replication. In this commentary, we present evidence from a recent systematic review of 51 randomised controlled trials published 2015-2020 that inadequate intervention reporting remains a widespread issue and that checklists are not being used to describe all intervention components.

Features of effective staff training programmes within school-based interventions targeting student activity behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Evaluations of school-based activity behaviour interventions suggest limited effectiveness on students' device-measured outcomes. Teacher-led implementation is common but the training provided is poorly understood and may affect implementation and student outcomes. We systematically reviewed staff training delivered within interventions and explored if specific features are associated with intervention fidelity and student activity behaviour outcomes.

'This trainee makes me feel angry': It's time to validate the reality and role of trainer emotions.

Discussing the 'failiure to fail' phenomenon, the authors call for a system‐wide culture shift to better articulate failures as learning opportunities in healthcare.

Professional learning, organisational change and clinical leadership development outcomes.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to develop a conceptually sound outcome model for clinical leadership (CL) development in healthcare, linking individual professional learning and organisational change. Frontline doctors' CL is often offered as a solution to healthcare challenges worldwide. However, there is a paucity of rigorous evidence of effectiveness of CL development, or theories supporting it.

Stereoscopic Three-Dimensional Neuroanatomy Lectures Enhance Neurosurgical Training: Prospective Comparison with Traditional Teaching.

Objective: Stereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) imaging is increasingly used in the teaching of neuroanatomy and although this is mainly aimed at undergraduate medical students, it has enormous potential for enhancing the training of neurosurgeons. This study aims to assess whether 3D lecturing is an effective method of enhancing the knowledge and confidence of neurosurgeons and how it compares with traditional two-dimensional (2D) lecturing and cadaveric training.

Methods: Three separate teaching sessions for neurosurgical trainees were organized: 1) 2D course (2D lecture + cadaveric session), 2) 3D lecture alone, and 3) 3D course (3D lecture + cadaveric session).

Methodological shortcomings in the literature evaluating the role and applications of 3D training for surgical trainees.

Aim: There has been an increased interest in the use of three-dimensional (3D) technology in surgical training. We wish to appraise the methodological rigor applied to evaluating the role and applications of 3D technology in surgical training, in particular, on the validity of these models and assessment methods in simulated surgical training.

Methods: Literature search was performed using MEDLINE with the following terms: "3D"; "surgery"; and "training".

The Effect of 3-Dimensional Simulation on Neurosurgical Skill Acquisition and Surgical Performance: A Review of the Literature.

Objective: In recent years, 3-dimensional (3D) simulation of neurosurgical procedures has become increasingly popular as an addition to training programmes. However, there remains little objective evidence of its effectiveness in improving live surgical skill. This review analysed the current literature in 3D neurosurgical simulation, highlighting remaining gaps in the evidence base for improvement in surgical performance and suggests useful future research directions.