Equations for Predicting the 10-Year Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Population With Obesity.

Background: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a significant public health issue; however, current risk prediction models have limitations in populations with obesity.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop risk models for predicting ASCVD risk in patients with obesity.

Methods: Gender-specific equations to predict ASCVD were developed and validated using a cohort of 3,058 participants with obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m) in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) study and 1,953 participants in MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis).

Enhancing sensitivity and stability of natural pigments in pH-responsive freshness indicators: A review.

Natural pigments are an indicator component in the freshness indicator, which is advantageous due to their safety, renewability, and low cost. However, freshness indicator with natural pigments as pH indicators has the problems of low stability and the color rendering domain could not effectively cover the shelf life of food. This paper describes the types and structures of natural pigments commonly used in freshness indicators and their color change mechanisms under different pH conditions.

Physical activity and the risk of developing 8 age-related diseases: epidemiological and Mendelian randomization studies.

Background: We aimed to characterize the associations between physical activity levels and the risk of developing age-related diseases in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study and used Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess whether there are causal relationships between physical activity levels and the risk of developing 8 age-related diseases (coronary atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, angina, Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and venous thromboembolism).

Methods: Based on the data available in the CARDIA, we obtained data related to five disease states: coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and venous thromboembolism. Binary logistic regression analysis estimated the multivariable-adjusted associations between different physical activity statuses and diseases.

The gut microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide induces aortic valve fibrosis via PERK/ATF-4 and IRE-1α/XBP-1s signaling in vitro and in vivo.

Background And Aims: The gut microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular fibrosis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs after the dysfunction of ER and its structure. The three signals PERK/ATF-4, IRE-1α/XBP-1s and ATF6 are activated upon ER stress.

Prognostic significance of aortic valve calcification in relation to coronary artery calcification for cardiovascular diseases.

Aims: Both coronary artery calcification (CAC) and aortic valve calcification (AVC) are strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), but data about the prognostic significance of multiple cardiovascular calcifications are limited. We aim to investigate the interaction relationship between AVC and CAC for major events.

Methods And Results: We included 6695 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis at baseline and divided them into four groups: (i) no AVC or CAC; (ii) only AVC; (iii) only CAC; and (iv) with CAC and CAC.

Physical Activity and Weight Loss Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Look AHEAD Trial.

Importance: Prior findings from the Look AHEAD trial showed no significant reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events by lifestyle-induced weight loss among individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and overweight or obesity. However, physical activity (PA) may modify the changes in cardiovascular risk associated with weight loss.

Objective: To examine the joint association of weight loss and PA with the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with T2D and overweight or obesity.

New Insights into Rate Control: Time in Target Range of Resting Heart Rate and Major Adverse Outcomes in Atrial Fibrillation.

Background: Few studies have examined the relationship between the fluctuation of heart rate control over time and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation. Our study sought to evaluate the independent association between time in target range (TIR) of resting heart rate and cardiovascular outcomes in the AFFIRM (Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management) study.

Methods: Target range of resting heart was defined as less than 80 beats per minute (bpm) for both rate and rhythm control groups.

Interplay of heart rate variability and resting heart rate on mortality in type 2 diabetes.

Aims: Heart rate variability (HRV) and resting heart rate (RHR) are usually analyzed and interpreted separately. We aimed to assess the interplay of HRV and RHR on mortality in type 2 diabetes.

Methods: The study included 7,529 participants from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial.

Long-term physical activity time-in-target range in young adults with cardiovascular events in later life.

Aims: Achieving at least 150 min per week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) is a 'Class I, A level' recommendation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, long-term PA is a complex behaviour and varied by lifetime, which was insufficiently reflected by the current studies. This study used time-in-target range (TTR) to measure the long-term PA level during young adulthood and investigated its relationship with cardiovascular events in later life.

Cardiovascular effects of weight loss in old adults with overweight/obesity according to change in skeletal muscle mass.

Background: Patients with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes are encouraged to lose weight, but not all losing weight gain better cardiovascular health, especially old adults. The change in skeletal muscle mass (SMM) could be the key that explains the heterogenous cardiovascular effects of weight loss. This study aims to assess whether the cardiovascular effects of weight loss vary for those gaining skeletal muscle along with weight loss.

Remnant Cholesterol in Young Adulthood Is Associated With Left Ventricular Remodeling and Dysfunction in Middle Age: The CARDIA Study.

Background: Recent studies have shown that remnant cholesterol (RC) is associated with incident heart failure; however, its association with left ventricular (LV) structure and function is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the association between RC levels in young adulthood and LV structure and function in middle age.

Methods: We included 3321 participants from the CARDIA study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) at baseline.

Intensive Glycemic Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction: The ACCORD Trial.

Objective: To assess whether the presence of cardiac autonomic dysfunction denoted by low heart rate variability (HRV) modifies the effect of intensive glycemic therapy on outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Patients And Methods: This study included 7946 participants in the ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) trial from January 2001 through June 2009. Heart rate variability measures included standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) and root mean square of successive differences between normal-to-normal intervals (rMSSD).

Association between the insulin resistance and all-cause mortality in patients with moderate and severe aortic stenosis: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a reliable surrogate marker of insulin resistance (IR). However, whether the TyG index has prognostic value in patients with moderate to severe aortic stenosis (AS) remains unclear.

Methods: This study enrolled 317 patients with moderate to severe AS at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University.

Serum Klotho Modifies the Associations of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality.

Background: The association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and mortality remains controversial. Klotho, a biomarker of vitamin D activation and metabolism, may play a key role in this association. However, it is unclear whether the association between vitamin D deficiency and mortality risk is modified by klotho levels.

GP73 enhances the ox-LDL-induced inflammatory response in THP-1 derived macrophages via affecting NLRP3 inflammasome signaling.

Background: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease with its molecular basis incompletely understood. Here, we determined whether the Golgi phosphoprotein 73 (GP73), a novel protein highly related to inflammation and disrupted lipid metabolism, was involved in the development of atherosclerosis.

Methods: Public microarray databases of human vascular samples were analyzed for expression patterns.

Long-Term High Level of Insulin Resistance Is Associated With an Increased Prevalence of Coronary Artery Calcification: The CARDIA Study.

Background Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a crucial indicator of subclinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The relationship between long-term insulin resistance (IR) trajectory and CAC has been explored in few studies. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether the long-term IR time series of young adults are associated with the incidence of CAC in midlife.

Predictive performance of established cardiovascular risk scores in the prediabetic population: external validation using the UK Biobank data set.

Aims: Prediabetes is a highly heterogenous metabolic state with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Current guidelines raised the necessity of CVD risk scoring for prediabetes without clear recommendations. Thus, this study aimed to systematically assess the performance of 11 models, including five general population-based and six diabetes-specific CVD risk scores, in prediabetes.

Visceral adiposity index and the risk of heart failure, late-life cardiac structure, and function in ARIC study.

Background: It is well established that obesity is associated with the risk of heart failure (HF). However, the data about relationship between visceral fat and the risk of HF are limited.

Aims: We aim to evaluate the association between visceral obesity assessed by visceral adiposity index (VAI) and incident HF and left ventricular (LV) structure and function in Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

Changes in Cardiovascular Health during Young Adulthood and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Middle Age: The CARDIA Study.

Background And Aims: The benefits of reaching ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) are well known, but it is unclear whether positive CVH changes from young adulthood to middle age reduce subclinical atherosclerosis risk. This study examined associations of changes in CVH from young adulthood to middle age and CVH in young adulthood with subclinical atherosclerosis.

Methods: Data was analyzed from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.

Time-averaged cumulative blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: analysis from the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist trial.

Objective: To determine whether time-averaged cumulative blood pressure (cumBP) is associated with the risk of cardiovascular outcomes among patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Method: Three thousand, three hundred and thirty participants from Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) trial were included in this analysis with a median follow-up of 3 years. CumBP, expressed as mmHg-years, was the sum of mean BP for each pair of successive examinations multiplied by the time.

High triglyceride-glucose index in young adulthood is associated with incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in later life: insight from the CARDIA study.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the associations between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index in young adulthood with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality.

Methods: We included 4,754 participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study at baseline. The TyG index was calculated as ln (fasting TG [mg/dl] × fasting glucose [mg/dl]/2), and the TyG index trajectories were identified by using the latent class growth mixture model.

Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes according to body weight time in range.

Background: We aimed to assess whether the cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) vary for those who can maintain the lower body weight after weight loss through ILI.

Methods: In the secondary analysis of the Look AHEAD trial, we identified the status of weight loss for the participants in the ILI arm based on body weight time in range (TIR). These participants were allocated to three groups according to body weight TIR: 0% ( = 727), >0% to 50% ( = 656), and >50% to 100% ( = 811).

Triglyceride-glucose index in the development of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction: analysis of the ARIC study.

Aims: We aimed to investigate whether the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, an easy-calculated and reliable surrogate of insulin resistance, was associated with the development of heart failure (HF) and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction.

Methods And Results: A total of 12 374 participants (mean age: 54.1 ± 5.

Time in Target Range for Systolic Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Background The association between blood pressure control and clinical outcomes is unclear among patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Both too high and too low of systolic blood pressure (SBP) have been reported to be related to poor clinical prognosis. This study aimed to assess the association between time in SBP target range and adverse clinical events among patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.