Evaluation of non-ECG and ECG-gated computed tomographic angiography for three-dimensional printing of anomalous coronary arteries in dogs with pulmonic stenosis.

Introduction/objectives: Coronary artery abnormalities are described sporadically in dogs, most commonly with pulmonic stenosis. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) allows non-invasive assessment of coronary anatomy. Three-dimensional (3D) models improve the understanding and visualization of spatially complex anatomy.

Recovery characteristics of dogs following anesthesia induced with tiletamine-zolazepam, alfaxalone, ketamine-diazepam, or propofol and maintained with isoflurane.

To compare characteristics of recovery from isoflurane anesthesia in healthy nonpremedicated dogs after anesthetic induction by IV administration of tiletamine-zolazepam with those observed after induction by IV administration of alfaxalone, ketamine-diazepam, or propofol. Prospective, randomized crossover study. 6 healthy adult hounds.

Effects of intravenous administration of tiletamine-zolazepam, alfaxalone, ketamine-diazepam, and propofol for induction of anesthesia on cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables in healthy dogs before and during anesthesia maintained with isoflurane.

OBJECTIVE To compare effects of tiletamine-zolazepam, alfaxalone, ketamine-diazepam, and propofol for anesthetic induction on cardiorespiratory and acid-base variables before and during isoflurane-maintained anesthesia in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 6 dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane and instrumented.

Cardiac-gated computed tomography angiography in three alpacas with complex congenital heart disease.

Background: The prevalence of congenital heart disease is higher in camelids than in other domestic species and complex defects, often involving the great vessels, are more frequently encountered in llamas and alpacas than in other species. Some of these complex defects can be difficult to accurately characterize via echocardiography, the most commonly used diagnostic imaging technique to evaluate the heart in veterinary patients. Contrast-enhanced, electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated computed tomography (CT) has proven utility for the evaluation of human patients with certain congenital heart defects, including those with conotruncal septation defects and other abnormalities involving the formation of the great vessels.

Evaluation of intravenous administration of alfaxalone, propofol, and ketamine-diazepam for anesthesia in alpacas.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of induction of anesthesia with alfaxalone in alpacas.

Study Design: Prospective, randomized, crossover design.

Animals: Five healthy alpacas (96.

Effect of hind limb position on the craniocaudal length of the lumbosacral space in anesthetized dogs.

Objective: To investigate whether rostral extension of the hind limbs increases the cranio-caudal dorsal interlaminar distance between the seventh lumbar vertebra and the sacral bone (LS distance) in sternally recumbent anesthetized dogs.

Study Design: Prospective clinical study.

Animals: Eighteen dogs (eight neutered males, three intact males, six spayed females, one intact female) of various breeds, weighing 4-34 kg and ranging in age from 1 to 13 years.

Cerebral injury from intracarotid injection in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos).

A mixture of ketamine, xylazine, and butorphanol was inadvertently injected into the right carotid artery of a 1-year-old alpaca. Injection was followed by a brief period of recumbency and seizure activity. The alpaca recovered, but was euthanatized 72 hr later because of development of progressive neurologic deficits.

Minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane in llamas and alpacas.

Objective: To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane in llamas and alpacas.

Design: Prospective study. Animals Six healthy adult llamas and six healthy adult alpacas.

Assessment of serum concentrations and sedative effects of fentanyl after transdermal administration at three dosages in healthy llamas.

Objective: To determine the serum concentrations and sedative effects of fentanyl after transdermal administration at 3 dosages in llamas.

Animals: 9 healthy adult female llamas (mean age, 8 +/- 3 years; mean weight, 150 +/- 18 kg).

Procedure: Llamas were allocated to 1 of 3 groups (3 llamas/group).

Minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in spontaneously breathing llamas and alpacas.

Objective: To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in spontaneously breathing llamas and alpacas.

Design: Prospective study.

Animals: 6 healthy adult llamas and 6 healthy adult alpacas.

Comparison of lidocaine, xylazine, and lidocaine-xylazine for caudal epidural analgesia in cattle.

Objective: To directly compare the time to onset and duration of analgesia produced by a lidocaine/xylazine combination with that produced by lidocaine and xylazine administered alone in the caudal epidural space of dairy cattle. Design   Prospective randomized experimental study.

Animals: Nine adult (> 4 years of age) dairy cows (520-613 kg).

Megaesophagus in 15 llamas: a retrospective study (1985-1993).

Megaesophagus was diagnosed in 15 llamas on the basis of survey and contrast radiography. Age of onset ranged from 13 months to 9.5 years.

Orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation in llamas.

Orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation was performed in 304 llamas and 6 alpacas during general anesthesia for surgical and diagnostic procedures. The mouth not opening wide and the presence of a prominent torus linguae make orotracheal intubation difficult, but it can be accomplished with the aid of a laryngoscope, using a technique similar to that used in small domestic ruminants. The presence of a pharyngeal diverticulum necessitates modification of nasotracheal intubation techniques to make them applicable for use in llamas and alpacas.

Evaluation of Janeway gastrostomy in llamas.

To provide long-term gastric fistulas for collection of third-compartment gastric contents, Janeway mucosal tube gastrostomy was performed, using a gastrointestinal stapling instrument, in 6 castrated adult male llamas. Mean operative time (+/- SEM) was 65 +/- 4.16 minutes.

Evaluation of lidocaine, xylazine, and a combination of lidocaine and xylazine for epidural analgesia in llamas.

Epidural analgesia was achieved at weekly intervals in 6 adults llamas by injection of 2% lidocaine, 10% xylazine, and a combination of 2% lidocaine/10% xylazine at the sacrococcygeal junction. Analgesia was determined by lack of response to pin prick or hemostat pressure in the perineal area. Ataxia could not be accurately evaluated because of the llamas' tendency to assume sternal recumbency when restrained.

Effect of surgical removal of endometrial cups on concentrations of chorionic gonadotrophin and subsequent fertility in the mare.

Seven pregnant mares underwent general anaesthesia, laparotomy, hysterotomy and removal of a 50-day conceptus. Eversion of the uterine horn through the hysterotomy site allowed direct visualisation and electrosurgical removal of endometrial cup tissue from 5 randomly selected mares (Nos 1-5), while cup tissue in 2 mares (Nos 6 and 7) was left intact. Two pregnant mares served as unoperated controls (Nos 8 and 9).

Comparison of lidocaine, xylazine, and xylazine/lidocaine for caudal epidural analgesia in horses.

Caudal epidural analgesia was achieved in 6 adult horses on 3 successive occasions at weekly intervals by injection of lidocaine, xylazine, and a combination of lidocaine/xylazine through indwelling epidural catheters. Analgesia was defined as a lack of response to pinprick and hemostat pressure in the skin of the perineal area. A significant (P < 0.

Fate and effect of autogenous osteochondral fragments implanted in the middle carpal joint of horses.

Four autogenous osteochondral fragments removed from the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus were arthroscopically placed as loose bodies in a randomly selected middle carpal joint in each of 10 horses. The contralateral middle carpal joint, subjected to a sham procedure, served as control. Postoperative treatment was consistent with that for clinical arthroscopic patients.

Steady-state response characteristics of a pulse oximeter on equine intestine.

The steady-state response characteristics of a pulse oximeter were evaluated on intestinal segments of seven clinically normal halothane-anesthetized horses. Arterial oxygen tension greater than 200 mm of Hg, end tidal carbon dioxide from 30 to 35 mm of Hg, and systemic mean arterial pressure greater than 70 mm of Hg were maintained throughout the recording periods. Values for percentage of pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, pulsatile blood flow, and percentage of signal strength were recorded from jejunum, ileum, cecum, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, and descending colon.

Chemical involution of the equine parotid salivary gland.

The efficacy of eliminating parotid salivary secretions by retrograde infusion of 10% formalin, 2% chlorhexidine, or 2% or 3% silver nitrate solutions was evaluated in 10 horses. Solutions were kept within the parotid salivary gland for 90 seconds after infusion through parotid duct cannulae and then allowed to drain freely. Severed parotid ducts and surgical incisions were left to heal by second intention.

Monitoring equine anesthesia.

In conclusion, monitoring the depth of anesthesia plays an integral role in the anesthetic regimen. Although the use of sophisticated monitoring equipment has replaced some of the art of anesthesia and made assessment of depth of anesthesia more precise, a vigilant clinician still needs to serve as the animal's advocate. He or she must gather the data that are generated by machines, acquire data that monitoring equipment cannot obtain, assimilate all the facts, and make appropriate changes in anesthetic management.

Fracture repair with transfixation pins and fiberglass cast in llamas and small ruminants.

Transfixation pinning with fiberglass casting is an effective and adaptable method of longbone fracture fixation in llamas and small ruminants. Treatment of fractures in 7 limbs of 4 llamas and 2 small ruminants with this technique are described. Steinmann pins are placed transcortically proximal, and if necessary, distal to the fracture.

Anesthesia in the llama.

Anesthesia for llamas is similar to other domestic species, although adjustments in technique are required to allow for species variations. Xylazine (0.4-0.