infection disparities among Hispanics and non-Hispanics in Yuma, Arizona.

infection patterns in Yuma, Arizona show a 2.25x higher infection rate in non-Hispanics. Males had higher infection rates in most age classes.

We are complex beings: comparison of statistical methods to capture and account for intersectionality.

Objectives: Intersectionality conceptualises how different parts of our identity compound, creating unique and multifaceted experiences of oppression. Our objective was to explore and compare several quantitative analytical approaches to measure interactions among four sociodemographic variables and interpret the relative impact of axes of marginalisation on self-reported health, to visualise the potential elevated impact of intersectionality on health outcomes.

Design: Secondary analysis of National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III, a nationally representative cross-sectional study of 36 309 non-institutionalised US citizens aged 18 years or older.

Changes in sleep quality and housing status among individuals incarcerated in jail.

Objective: To investigate sleep quality among individuals incarcerated in a rural county jail, by housing status before incarceration.

Methods: Using cross-sectional survey methods, 194 individuals incarcerated in jail reported sleep quality prior to and during incarceration on a Likert scale and pre-incarceration housing status (ie, house, apartment, motel, group living, or homeless). Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using log binomial regression to determine associations between housing status before incarceration and changes in sleep quality.

Change in physical activity, food choices and hemoglobin A1c among American Indians and Alaska Natives with type 2 diabetes.

The prevalence of diabetes among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) adults is the highest of all United States racial/ethnic groups. Health behaviors, including regular physical activity and healthy food choices, are important components in the management of diabetes. We estimated the cross-sectional association between physical activity and healthy food scores, separately, and combined (PAHF) with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) over three years of the Special Diabetes Program for Indians-Healthy Heart demonstration project (SDPI-HH) intervention.

Nutritional adequacy of meals and commissary items provided to individuals incarcerated in a southwest, rural county jail in the United States.

Background: Poor diet may contribute to deleterious chronic health among individuals incarcerated. Yet, limited research has evaluated the nutritional content of menus and commissary items provided in jails. Thus, this study assessed the macronutrient distribution, caloric composition, and diet quality of the seven-day cycle menu and commissary items provided in a southwest, rural county jail in the United States.

Nutrition availability for those incarcerated in jail: Implications for mental health.

Purpose: Using a seven-day cycle menu and commissary items at a rural county jail, this study aims to describe provisions of micronutrients known to be associated with mental health disorders and if they meet dietary guidelines.

Design/methodology/approach: The nutritional content of a seven-day cycle menu and four available commissary food packs were evaluated using NutritionCalc® Plus software (McGraw-Hill Education version 5.0.

Barriers and facilitators to attending and being physically active during recreation time among women incarcerated.

Background: Most women incarcerated in jail are not physically active and do not attend recreation time (rec-time), a time dedicated to being physically active, outside. The purpose of this study was to determine barriers and facilitators to attending and being physically active during rec-time among women incarcerated in jail.

Methods: We recruited and distributed a cross-sectional questionnaire to 100 women incarcerated at the Coconino County Detention Facility (CCDF) in Flagstaff, Arizona from March to July 2020.

The impact of resistance training on body composition, muscle strength, and functional fitness in older women (45-80 years): A systematic review (2010-2020).

As women age, they typically experience a progressive decrease in skeletal muscle mass and strength, which can lead to a decline in functional fitness and quality of life. Resistance training (RT) has the potential to attenuate these losses. Although well established for men, evidence regarding the benefits of RT for women is sparse and inconsistent: prior reviews include too few studies with women and do not adequately examine the interactive or additive impacts of workload, modalities, and nutritional supplements on outcomes such as muscle mass (MM), body composition (BC), muscle strength (MS), and functional fitness (FF).

The competing effects of racial discrimination and racial identity on the predicted number of days incarcerated in the US: A national profile of Black, Latino/Latina, and American Indian/Alaska Native populations.

Objective: Racial discrimination and racial identity may compete to influence incarceration risk. We estimated the predicted days incarcerated in a national US sample of Black, Latino/Latina, and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) individuals.

Methods: We used the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (n = 14,728) to identify individual incarceration history.

"Everything has changed": detention officer roles and recreation time changes due to COVID-19 policies at a Southwest County Jail.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic responses in jails have forced detention officers to adjust how they approach the confinement and care of individuals while they are incarcerated. One aspect of incarceration affected was detention officers' roles. The aims of this research project were to determine how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the general duties of detention officers at a Southwest County Jail.

Patterns of Physical Activity Among Women Incarcerated in Jail.

The physical and mental health benefits of physical activity in all populations are well established. In 2019, incarcerated women at a Southwest county jail were observed during "recreation time," a time when physical activity is encouraged, to identify the proportion of women who participated in recreation time and their physical activity levels. During observed recreation times, 28% of women attended; 56% were sedentary, 4% engaged in vigorous physical activity, and approximately 40% walked or performed similarly moderate physical activity.

Sodium content of menu and commissary provisions in rural jail exceeds heart-healthy dietary recommendations.

Purpose: This paper determined sodium provisions from a seven-day cycle menu and commissary at a rural Southwest County jail and compared it to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) recommendations for sodium.

Design/methodology/approach: A seven-day cycle menu and commissary items were used to determine sodium content for each meal and commissary pack. Estimates for the menu and commissary packs paired with the menu (commissary scenarios) were converted to a daily average of sodium and compared to DRI and DASH recommendations.

Adverse Childhood Experiences in relation to drug and alcohol use in the 30 days prior to incarceration in a county jail.

Purpose: To characterize the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use among people incarcerated in a county jail.

Design/methodology/approach: A questionnaire was administered to 199 individuals incarcerated in a Southwest county jail as part of a social-epidemiological exploration of converging co-morbidities in incarcerated populations. Among 96 participants with complete ACEs data, the authors determined associations between individual ACEs items and a summative score with methamphetamine (meth), heroin, other opiates, and cocaine use and binge drinking in the 30 days prior to incarceration using logistic regression.

SARS-CoV-2 acquisition and immune pathogenesis among school-aged learners in four diverse schools.

Background: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is necessary to reopen schools safely.

Methods: We measured SARS-CoV-2 infection in 320 learners [10.5 ± 2.

Development of the systematic observation of COVID-19 mitigation (SOCOM): Assessing face covering and distancing in schools.

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, some K-12 schools resumed in-person classes with varying degrees of mitigation plans in the fall 2020. Physical distancing and face coverings can minimize SARS-CoV-2 spread, the virus that causes COVID-19. However, no research has focused on adherence to mitigation strategies during school days.

US trends in mask wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic depend on rurality.

Introduction: Face masks are widely recommended as a COVID-19 prevention strategy. State mask mandates have generally reduced the spread of the disease, but decisions to wear a mask depend on many factors. Recent increases in case rates in rural areas following initial outbreaks in more densely populated areas highlight the need to focus on prevention and education.

Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Individuals Incarcerated in an Arizona County Jail.

We aimed to estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity among a sample of individuals incarcerated in an Arizona county jail and compare prevalence estimates to a matched non-institutionalized population. From 2017-2018, individuals housed at a county jail completed a cross-sectional health survey. We estimated the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol, overweight/obesity, cigarette smoking, binge drinking, and self-reported health among individuals incarcerated.

SARS-CoV-2 Acquisition and Immune Pathogenesis Among School-Aged Learners in Four Diverse Schools.

Background: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is necessary to reopen schools safely.

Methods: We measured SARS-CoV-2 infection in 320 learners [10.5 ± 2.

Adverse Childhood Events in American Indian/Alaska Native Populations.

Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences are linked to deleterious outcomes in adulthood. Certain populations have been shown to be more vulnerable to adversity in childhood than others. Despite these findings, research in this area lacks an empirical investigation that examines adverse childhood experiences among American Indian and Alaska Native populations using large, nationally representative data.

Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.

Background: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system.

Health disparities in jail populations: Mixed methods and multi-disciplinary community engagement for justice and health impacts.

This special issue of Practicing Anthropology presents multidisciplinary and multisectoral views of a community engaged health disparities project titled "Health Disparities in Jail Populations: Converging Epidemics of Infectious Disease, Chronic Illness, Behavioral Health, and Substance Abuse." The overall project incorporated traditional anthropological mixed-methods approaches with theory and methods from informatics, epidemiology, genomics, evolutionary and computational biology, community engagement, and applied/translational science.

The Role of State Medicaid Expansions in Integrating Comprehensive Mental Health Services into Opioid Treatment Programs: Differences Across the Rural/Urban Continuum.

Co-occurring mental health (MH) problems are common among those with opioid use disorders (OUDs). However, most opioid treatment programs (OTPs) do not provide MH services. We measured the association between state level characteristics (Medicaid expansion status and rurality) and MH/OUD services integration.