Chronic medical conditions associated with invasive pneumococcal diseases in inpatients in teaching hospitals in São Paulo city: Estimating antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype-coverage of pneumococcal vaccines.

Background: Chronic conditions increase the risk of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD). Pneumococcal vaccination remarkably reduced IPD morbimortality in vulnerable populations. In Brazil, pneumococcal vaccines are included in the National Immunization Program (PNI): PCV10 for < 2 years-old, and PPV23 for high risk-patients aged ≥ 2 years and institutionalized ≥ 60 years.

HPV vaccination programs in LMIC: is it time to optimize schedules and recommendations?

Objectives: Prophylactic HPV vaccines are a fundamental tool to reduce infections and tumors caused by the most prevalent types of these viruses, as this review points out. Several countries have adopted immunization programs that recommend vaccination against HPV for girls and adolescents between 9 and 14 years of age and, in some of them, also for boys. The programs also contemplate the immunization of adults, particularly in the case of individuals with different immunodeficiencies.

Expert review of global real-world data on COVID-19 vaccine booster effectiveness and safety during the omicron-dominant phase of the pandemic.

Introduction: COVID-19 vaccines have been highly effective in reducing morbidity and mortality during the pandemic. However, the emergence of the Omicron variant and subvariants as the globally dominant strains have raised doubts about the effectiveness of currently available vaccines and prompted debate about potential future vaccination strategies.

Areas Covered: Using the publicly available IVAC VIEW-hub platform, we reviewed 52 studies on vaccine effectiveness (VE) after booster vaccinations.

Everolimus as a possible prenatal treatment of in utero diagnosed subependymal lesions in tuberous sclerosis complex: a case report.

Introduction: The association between cardiac rhabdomyoma and intraventricular tumors and/or subcortical nodules is characteristic of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Patients with TSC may have refractory seizures, autistic behavior, and cognitive decline.

Case Report: The patient received the fetal diagnosis of TSC at the age of 19 weeks of gestations, where presented at prenatal ultrasound cardiac and brain tumors.

COVID-19 as a Cause of Acute Neonatal Encephalitis and Cerebral Cytotoxic Edema.

The majority of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been confirmed in adults, with only a few reported cases in children. In the pediatric population, COVID-19 infection appears to be often unremarkable or associated with mild respiratory symptoms. Little is known about neurologic complications related to COVID-19 in newborns.

Anaerobic neonatal meningitis: A diagnostic challenge.

The most commonly identified pathogens related to bacterial meningitis are group B streptococcus and gram-negative enteric flora; anaerobic sepsis and meningitis are very rare. We report a case on a preterm and extremely low-birth weight infant who developed meningitis caused by Bacteroides fragilis and his mother who had postpartum sepsis also caused by the same agent.

Brazilian recommendations on the safety and effectiveness of the yellow fever vaccination in patients with chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.

Background: In Brazil, we are facing an alarming epidemic scenario of Yellow fever (YF), which is reaching the most populous areas of the country in unvaccinated people. Vaccination is the only effective tool to prevent YF. In special situations, such as patients with chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (CIMID), undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, as a higher risk of severe adverse events may occur, assessment of the risk-benefit ratio of the yellow fever vaccine (YFV) should be performed on an individual level.

Surgical Site Infection Rates in Four Cities in Brazil: Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium.

Background: There are no data on surgical site infection (SSI) rates stratified by surgical procedures (SPs) in Brazil, and our objective was to report such rates.

Methods: From January 2005 to December 2010 we conducted a surveillance study on SSIs in four hospital members of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) in four Brazilian cities. We applied the U.

Brazilian guidelines for the management of candidiasis - a joint meeting report of three medical societies: Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia, Sociedade Paulista de Infectologia and Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical.

Candida infections account for 80% of all fungal infections in the hospital environment, including bloodstream, urinary tract and surgical site infections. Bloodstream infections are now a major challenge for tertiary hospitals worldwide due to their high prevalence and mortality rates. The incidence of candidemia in tertiary public hospitals in Brazil is approximately 2.

Surgical site infections, International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 30 countries, 2005-2010.

Objective:  To report the results of a surveillance study on surgical site infections (SSIs) conducted by the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC).

Design:  Cohort prospective multinational multicenter surveillance study.

Setting:  Eighty-two hospitals of 66 cities in 30 countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Greece, India, Kosovo, Lebanon, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Salvador, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Sudan, Thailand, Turkey, Uruguay, and Vietnam) from 4 continents (America, Asia, Africa, and Europe).

Influenza vaccine in pregnant women: immunization coverage and associated factors.

Objectives: To describe the immunization coverage of the influenza vaccine for pregnant women, and factors associated to vaccination compliance.

Methods: This is a prospective, descriptive study including 300 women who had just given birth at Hospital and Maternity Santa Joana in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Data were collected through a pre-tested questionnaire applied by a trained evaluator during October 2010.

Respiratory syncytial virus outbreak in neonatal intensive care unit: Impact of infection control measures plus palivizumab use.

Background: The occurrence of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) outbreak in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is related to unfavorable outcomes, as this infection can lead to respiratory distress and death in premature in infants. Report the successful control of an outbreak that occurred in April 2010 in a NICU.

Methods: After the index case, of 18 premature infants placed in the same room 10 infants were infected.

Socioeconomic impact on device-associated infections in limited-resource neonatal intensive care units: findings of the INICC.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of country socioeconomic status and hospital type on device-associated healthcare-associated infections (DA-HAIs) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).

Methods: Data were collected on DA-HAIs from September 2003 to February 2010 on 13,251 patients in 30 NICUs in 15 countries. DA-HAIs were defined using criteria formulated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Vaccines under development: group B streptococcus, herpes-zoster, HIV, malaria and dengue.

Objectives: To review the current state of development of streptococcus B, herpes-zoster, HIV, malaria and dengue vaccines. These vaccines were selected both because of imminent commercial release and because of specific problems with their development.

Sources Of Data: A review of the literature was performed by means of a MEDLINE search, on the period 1996 to 2006, for the epidemiology and immunology of these diseases, analyzing both the greatest obstacles to creating a vaccine and the current state of research, with emphasis on studies in the most advanced stages.

Healthcare-associated infections among neonates in Brazil.

Objective: To describe the epidemiology of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) among neonates.

Design: Prospective surveillance of HAIs was conducted during 2 years. Infections beginning within 48 hours of birth were defined as HAIs of maternal origin.

A survey of the incidence of neonatal sepsis by group B Streptococcus during a decade in a Brazilian maternity hospital.

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the main etiological agent of neonatal sepsis in developed countries, however there is no detailed information on its incidence in Brazil. We registered the incidence and lethality of GBS infection in a Brazilian private maternity hospital from April 1991 to March 2000. Maternal risk factors contributing to neonatal infections were also scored.

High rate of non-albicans candidemia in Brazilian tertiary care hospitals.

In order to evaluate the epidemiology of candidemia in Brazil, we performed a prospective multicenter study conducted in six general hospitals from São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, We enrolled a total of 145 candidemic patients (85 males) with a median age of 32 years. Non-albicans species accounted for 63% of all episodes and the species most frequently causing candidemia were C. albicans (37%), C.

Risk factors for death in patients with candidemia.

Objective: To analyze possible risk factors for death among patients with nosocomial candidemia. To identify risk factors for death in patients with candidemia, we analyzed demographic, clinical, and microbiological data.

Setting: Six tertiary hospitals in Brazil.

Immunogenicity and efficacy of a killed hepatitis A vaccine in day care center children.

The objective of this study was to characterize the immune response of children after the use of two different vaccine doses and to evaluate whether vaccination benefits children attending day care centers in areas with high anti-HAV seroprevalence. The study was conducted in a day care center with a stable population in São Paulo, Brazil. Two groups of 20 children, all seronegative for hepatitis A antibodies, were assigned randomly to receive three times 0.

Scabies epidemic: price and prejudice.

Scabies epidemics are not unusual, and the recommended way of stopping them is by simultaneous treatment of everybody in the facility; this has been known since the last century, when Norwegian scabies was a problem in Norway. When this is not done, scabies epidemics can smolder for months. Scabies should not spread with good infection control measures, but we learned that a good infection control service is not enough.