High-Grade Follicular Cell-Derived Non-Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: Correlating Extent of Invasion and Mutation Profile with Oncologic Outcome.

The 2022 World Health Organization classification introduced the term high-grade follicular cell-derived nonanaplastic thyroid carcinoma (HGFCTC) to define invasive/infiltrative nonanaplastic thyroid carcinoma with high-grade features, including poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma and high-grade differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Our objectives were to compare clinicopathological characteristics, oncologic outcomes, and mutation profiles among HGFCTC subgroups to better inform prognostication and treatment. In this single-center, retrospective cohort study of 252 patients who had surgery for HGFCTC from 1986 to 2020, we categorized HGFCTC and its related entity, "encapsulated noninvasive neoplasms of follicular cells with high-grade features," into five subgroups: (A) encapsulated noninvasive, (B) encapsulated with capsular invasion only (minimally invasive), (C) encapsulated angioinvasive with focal vascular invasion (VI), (D) encapsulated angioinvasive with extensive VI, and (E) infiltrative tumors.

Quantifying VMAT2 target occupancy at effective valbenazine doses and comparing to a novel VMAT2 inhibitor: a translational PET study.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is frequently used to obtain target occupancy (%TO) of central nervous system (CNS) drug candidates during clinical development. Obtaining %TO with PET can be particularly powerful when the %TO associated with efficacy is known for a protein target. Using the radiotracer [F]AV-133, the relationship between plasma concentration (PK) and %TO of NBI-750142, an experimental inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) was obtained in both nonhuman primate (NHP) and human.

Pediatric Head and Neck Malignancies in the United States: A 20-Year Population-Based Study.

Background: Epidemiologic data for pediatric head and neck (HN) cancers in the United States (US) have not been reported in many years. An update is essential to highlight trends to guide future treatment.

Methods: We analyzed the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database from 2000 to 2019.

Active Surveillance for Pleomorphic Adenomas of the Parotid-Tumor Growth Rate, Potential Malignancy, and Surgical Sequalae.

Objective: The outcomes of active surveillance (AS) for pleomorphic adenomas (PA) as an alternative to upfront parotidectomy have not been previously documented in the literature. This cohort study aims to assess the safety and feasibility of AS for parotid gland PA.

Methods: All patients with of previously untreated PA managed between 1990 and 2015 were reviewed.

Circulating microRNAs associated with bronchodilator response in childhood asthma.

Background: Bronchodilator response (BDR) is a measure of improvement in airway smooth muscle tone, inhibition of liquid accumulation and mucus section into the lumen in response to short-acting beta-2 agonists that varies among asthmatic patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well-known post-translational regulators. Identifying miRNAs associated with BDR could lead to a better understanding of the underlying complex pathophysiology.

MiR-107 and Its Association With House Dust Mite Sensitisation: Implications for Asthma.

Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been linked to allergic diseases but their effects on sensitisation to allergens in individuals with asthma are unknown. We aimed to identify miRNAs associated with house dust mite (HDM) sensitisation in childhood asthma.

Methods: Serum samples from 1126 children with asthma who participated in the Genetics of Asthma in Costa Rica Study (GACRS) were profiled for 304 miRNAs.

Integrating priorities at the intersection of cancer and neuroscience.

Cancer neuroscience is a rapidly growing multidisciplinary field that conceptualizes tumors as tissues fully integrated into the nervous system. Recognizing the complexity and challenges in this field is of fundamental importance to achieving the goal of translational impact for cancer patients. Our commentary highlights key scientific priorities, optimal training settings, and roadblocks to translating scientific findings to the clinic in this emerging field, aiming to formulate a transformative and cohesive path forward.

Tumor Hypoxia on 18F-fluoromisonidazole Positron Emission Tomography and Distant Metastasis From Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Importance: Given high rates of locoregional control after definitive management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), better methods are needed to project distant metastasis (DM) risk. Tumor hypoxia on 18F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) positron emission tomography (PET) is associated with locoregional failure, but data demonstrating an association with DM are limited.

Objective: To determine whether tumor hypoxia on FMISO PET is associated with DM risk after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for HNSCC.

The Surgical Management of Intracranial Metastasis Secondary to Follicular Cell-Derived Thyroid Carcinoma.

Background: Intracranial metastases (ICM) from follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinoma (FCDTC) are rare and are associated with a poor prognosis. The objective of this study is to report our experience in the surgical management of patients with ICM secondary to FCDTC.

Methods: Patients with FCDTC who underwent surgical resection of an ICM were identified at our institution from 1998 to 2018.

Development of F-Fluoromisonidazole Hypoxia PET/CT Diagnostic Interpretation Criteria and Validation of Interreader Reliability, Reproducibility, and Performance.

Tumor hypoxia, an integral biomarker to guide radiotherapy, can be imaged with F-fluoromisonidazole (F-FMISO) hypoxia PET. One major obstacle to its broader application is the lack of standardized interpretation criteria. We sought to develop and validate practical interpretation criteria and a dedicated training protocol for nuclear medicine physicians to interpret F-FMISO hypoxia PET.

Identification of MicroRNAs in children with increased asthma bronchodilator usage in genetics of asthma in Costa Rica Study.

Introduction: Uncontrolled or severe asthma results in symptomatic usage of short-acting ß2-agonist (SABA) usage. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are posttranslational regulators that can influence asthma biology. This study aims to identify miRNAs that are associated with increased SABA usage.

Mutation in Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) A428D confers resistance To BTK-degrader therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Targeting BTK has profoundly changed the face of CLL treatment over the past decade. Iterative advances in the cat and mouse game of resistance and redesign have moved BTK inhibitors from covalent to non-covalent and now targeted protein degraders. However, contrary to the presumption that protein degraders may be impervious to mutations in BTK, we now present clinical evidence that a mutation in the kinase domain of BTK, namely A428D, can confer disease resistance to a BTK degrader currently in clinical trials, that is BGB-16673.

Unlocking the Gateway: The Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of the p53 Family Driven by the Nuclear Pores and Its Implication for the Therapeutic Approach in Cancer.

The p53 family remains a captivating focus of an extensive number of current studies. Accumulating evidence indicates that p53 abnormalities rank among the most prevalent in cancer. Given the numerous existing studies, which mostly focus on the mutations, expression profiles, and functional perturbations exhibited by members of the p53 family across diverse malignancies, this review will concentrate more on less explored facets regarding p53 activation and stabilization by the nuclear pore complex (NPC) in cancer, drawing on several studies.

Phase-separated super-enhancers confer an innate radioresistance on genomic DNA.

Recently, biomolecular condensates formed through liquid-liquid phase separation have been widely reported to regulate key intracellular processes involved in cell biology and pathogenesis. BRD4 is a nuclear protein instrumental to the establishment of phase-separated super-enhancers (SEs) to direct the transcription of important genes. We previously observed that protein droplets of BRD4 became hydrophobic as their size increase, implying an ability of SEs to limit the ionization of water molecules by irradiation.

Parotidectomy for deep lobe pleomorphic adenomas is associated with higher rates of complications and recurrence.

Background: Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is a common parotid tumor, yet due to the relative rarity of deep lobe PA (DLPA), there is a paucity of information about its clinical presentation and surgical outcomes.

Methods: We reviewed the charts of patients with previously untreated parotid PA between the years 1990 and 2015. Clinical parameters and surgical outcomes were compared between superficial lobe PA (SLPA) and DLPA.

Defining the Genomic Landscape of Diffuse Sclerosing Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Prognostic Implications of RET Fusions.

Background: Diffuse sclerosing papillary thyroid carcinoma (DSPTC) is an aggressive histopathologic subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Correlation between genotype and phenotype has not been comprehensively described. This study aimed to describe the genomic landscape of DSPTC comprehensively using next-generation sequencing (NGS), analyze the prognostic implications of different mutations, and identify potential molecular treatment targets.

Total Resection of Pediatric Desmoid Tumor of the Left Neck with Utilization of 3D Virtual Surgical Planning.

A 13-year-old girl with a painful left neck mass was referred to our institution due to suspicions of malignancy. The patient reported pain that accompanied her frequent neck spasms. Computed tomography revealed a large, soft-tissue mass in the left neck, deep to the sternocleidomastoid.

Outcomes of Conversion Surgery for Patients With Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Importance: The outcomes of patients with low-risk thyroid cancer who undergo surgery following a period of active surveillance (AS) are not well-defined.

Objective: To evaluate surgical, pathologic, and oncologic outcomes among patients undergoing conversion surgery (CS) following AS for low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Design, Setting, And Participants: In this cohort study, patients who underwent CS for disease progression were compared with patients who underwent CS without disease progression and with a propensity score-matched cohort of patients who underwent initial surgery (IS).

Osteoradionecrosis Rates After Head and Neck Radiation Therapy: Beyond the Numbers.

Purpose: Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a severe late complication of head and neck radiation therapy shown to have profound negative effect on the quality of life of cancer survivors. Over the past few decades, improvements in radiation delivery techniques have resulted in a decrease in the incidence of ORN. However, even with modern radiation therapy techniques, ORN remains an important clinical concern.

Crafty mimicry grants nuclear pore entry to HIV.

The size of the nuclear pore should, in principle, prevent HIV-1 entry. However, HIV-1 capsid is able to gain nuclear pore entry. In a recent issue of Nature, Fu et al.

Next Directions in the Neuroscience of Cancers Arising outside the CNS.

The field of cancer neuroscience has begun to define the contributions of nerves to cancer initiation and progression; here, we highlight the future directions of basic and translational cancer neuroscience for malignancies arising outside of the central nervous system.