Don't Fear the Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review of Machine Learning for Prostate Cancer Detection in Pathology.

Context: Automated prostate cancer detection using machine learning technology has led to speculation that pathologists will soon be replaced by algorithms. This review covers the development of machine learning algorithms and their reported effectiveness specific to prostate cancer detection and Gleason grading.

Objective: To examine current algorithms regarding their accuracy and classification abilities.

Assessing the future global distribution of land ecosystems as determined by climate change and cropland incursion.

Unlabelled: The geographic distribution of natural ecosystems is affected by both climate and cropland. Discussions of future land use/land cover usually focus on how cropland expands and displaces natural vegetation especially as climate change impacts become stronger. Less commonly considered is the direct influence of climate change on natural ecosystems simultaneously with cropland incursion.

Multi-channel attention-fusion neural network for brain age estimation: Accuracy, generality, and interpretation with 16,705 healthy MRIs across lifespan.

Brain age estimated by machine learning from T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (T1w MRIs) can reveal how brain disorders alter brain aging and can help in the early detection of such disorders. A fundamental step is to build an accurate age estimator from healthy brain MRIs. We focus on this step, and propose a framework to improve the accuracy, generality, and interpretation of age estimation in healthy brain MRIs.

Success of Nonsedated Neuroradiologic MRI in Children 1-7 Years Old.

MRI use and the need for monitored anesthesia care (MAC) in children have increased. However, MAC is associated with examination delays, increased cost, and safety concerns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the success rate of nonsedated neuroradiologic MRI studies in children 1-7 years old and to investigate factors associated with success.

BRAIN AGE ESTIMATION USING LSTM ON CHILDREN'S BRAIN MRI.

Brain age prediction based on children's brain MRI is an important biomarker for brain health and brain development analysis. In this paper, we consider the 3D brain MRI volume as a sequence of 2D images and propose a new framework using the recurrent neural network for brain age estimation. The proposed method is named as 2D-ResNet18+Long short-term memory (LSTM), which consists of four parts: 2D ResNet18 for feature extraction on 2D images, a pooling layer for feature reduction over the sequences, an LSTM layer, and a final regression layer.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Head Trauma-Child.

Head trauma is a frequent indication for cranial imaging in children. The majority of accidental pediatric head trauma is minor and sustained without intracranial injury. Well-validated pediatric-specific clinical decision guidelines should be used to identify very low-risk children who can safely forgo imaging.

Prenatal diagnosis of intraconal lymphatic malformation on fetal magnetic resonance imaging.

Lymphatic malformations are benign hamartomatous tumors present at birth but usually diagnosed in early childhood. We report a case of prenatal diagnosis of an isolated unilateral retrobulbar lymphatic malformation with fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This was first detected at 27 weeks' gestational age.

Diagnostic equivalency of fast T2 and FLAIR sequences for pediatric brain MRI: a pilot study.

Background: Faster and motion robust magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences are desirable in pediatric brain MRI as they can help reduce the need for monitored anesthesia care, which is a costly and limited resource that carries medical risks.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic equivalency of commercially available accelerated motion robust MR sequences relative to standard sequences.

Materials And Methods: This was an institutional review board-approved prospective study.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria Suspected Spine Trauma-Child.

Choosing the appropriate imaging in children with accidental traumatic spine injuries can be challenging because the recommendations based on scientific evidence at this time differ from those applied in adults. This differentiation is due in part to differences in anatomy and physiology of the developing spine. This publication uses scientific evidence and a panel of pediatric experts to summarize best current imaging practices for children with accidental spine trauma.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria Scoliosis-Child.

Scoliosis is frequently encountered in childhood, with prevalence of 2%. The majority is idiopathic, without vertebral segmentation anomaly, dysraphism, neuromuscular abnormality, skeletal dysplasia, tumor, or infection. As a complement to clinical assessment, radiography is the primary imaging modality used to classify scoliosis and subsequently monitor its progression and response to treatment.

Agricultural investments and hunger in Africa modeling potential contributions to SDG2 - Zero Hunger.

We use IFPRI's IMPACT framework of linked biophysical and structural economic models to examine developments in global agricultural production systems, climate change, and food security. Building on related work on how increased investment in agricultural research, resource management, and infrastructure can address the challenges of meeting future food demand, we explore the costs and implications of these investments for reducing hunger in Africa by 2030. This analysis is coupled with a new investment estimation model, based on the perpetual inventory methodology (PIM), which allows for a better assessment of the costs of achieving projected agricultural improvements.

Markerless high-frequency prospective motion correction for neuroanatomical MRI.

Purpose: To integrate markerless head motion tracking with prospectively corrected neuroanatomical MRI sequences and to investigate high-frequency motion correction during imaging echo trains.

Methods: A commercial 3D surface tracking system, which estimates head motion by registering point cloud reconstructions of the face, was used to adapt the imaging FOV based on head movement during MPRAGE and T SPACE (3D variable flip-angle turbo spin-echo) sequences. The FOV position and orientation were updated every 6 lines of k-space (< 50 ms) to enable "within-echo-train" prospective motion correction (PMC).

ACR Appropriateness Criteria Sinusitis-Child.

Sinusitis is common in children that usually resolves spontaneously. Imaging is not part of the standard of care for initial diagnosis, however may be necessary in cases with persistent or chronic sinusitis to guide surgical intervention, or to rule out intracranial and vascular complications of sinusitis. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the leading imaging modalities.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria Headache-Child.

Headaches in children are not uncommon and have various causes. Proper neuroimaging of these children is very specific to the headache type. Care must be taken to choose and perform the most appropriate initial imaging examination in order to maximize the ability to properly determine the cause with minimum risk to the child.

Meteorological Controls on Local and Regional Volcanic Ash Dispersal.

Volcanic ash has the capacity to impact human health, livestock, crops and infrastructure, including international air traffic. For recent major eruptions, information on the volcanic ash plume has been combined with relatively coarse-resolution meteorological model output to provide simulations of regional ash dispersal, with reasonable success on the scale of hundreds of kilometres. However, to predict and mitigate these impacts locally, significant improvements in modelling capability are required.

Correction to: Ionizing radiation from computed tomography versus anesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging in infants and children: patient safety considerations.

The published version of this article incorrectly lists Dr. Joseph P. Cravero in the Department of Radiology at Boston Children's Hospital.

Ionizing radiation from computed tomography versus anesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging in infants and children: patient safety considerations.

In the context of health care, risk assessment is the identification, evaluation and estimation of risk related to a particular clinical situation or intervention compared to accepted medical practice standards. The goal of risk assessment is to determine an acceptable level of risk for a given clinical treatment or intervention in association with the provided clinical circumstances for a patient or group of patients. In spite of the inherent challenges related to risk assessment in pediatric cross-sectional imaging, the potential risks of ionizing radiation and sedation/anesthesia in the pediatric population are thought to be quite small.

Quality measures and pediatric radiology: suggestions for the transition to value-based payment.

Recent political and economic factors have contributed to a meaningful change in the way that quality in health care, and by extension value, are viewed. While quality is often evaluated on the basis of subjective criteria, pay-for-performance programs that link reimbursement to various measures of quality require use of objective and quantifiable measures. This evolution to value-based payment was accelerated by the 2015 passage of the Medicare Access and CHIP (Children's Health Insurance Program) Reauthorization Act (MACRA).

Reusable Client-Side JavaScript Modules for Immersive Web-Based Real-Time Collaborative Neuroimage Visualization.

In this paper we present a web-based software solution to the problem of implementing real-time collaborative neuroimage visualization. In both clinical and research settings, simple and powerful access to imaging technologies across multiple devices is becoming increasingly useful. Prior technical solutions have used a server-side rendering and push-to-client model wherein only the server has the full image dataset.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria Back Pain-Child.

It is now generally accepted that nontraumatic back pain in the pediatric population is common. The presence of isolated back pain in a child has previously been an indication for imaging; however, recently a more conservative approach has been suggested using clinical criteria. The presence of constant pain, night pain, and radicular pain, alone or in combination, lasting for 4 weeks or more, constitute clinical red flags that should prompt further imaging.

Cerebrospinal Fluid and Parenchymal Brain Development and Growth in the Healthy Fetus.

Objective: The objective of this study was to apply quantitative magnetic resonance imaging to characterize absolute cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) development, as well as its relative development to fetal brain parenchyma in the healthy human fetus.

Design: We created three-dimensional high-resolution reconstructions of the developing brain for healthy fetuses between 18 and 40 weeks' gestation, segmented the parenchymal and CSF spaces, and calculated the volumes for the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles; extra-axial CSF space; and the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. From these data, we constructed normograms of the resulting volumes according to gestational age and described the relative development of CSF to fetal brain parenchyma.

Quality of pediatric abdominal CT scans performed at a dedicated children's hospital and its referring institutions: a multifactorial evaluation.

Background: Pediatric patients requiring transfer to a dedicated children's hospital from an outside institution may undergo CT imaging as part of their evaluation. Whether this imaging is performed prior to or after transfer has been shown to impact the radiation dose imparted to the patient. Other quality variables could also be affected by the pediatric experience and expertise of the scanning institution.

Effects of concussion on the blood-brain barrier in humans and rodents.

Traumatic brain injury and the long-term consequences of repeated concussions constitute mounting concerns in the United States, with 5.3 million individuals living with a traumatic brain injury-related disability. Attempts to understand mechanisms and possible therapeutic approaches to alleviate the consequences of repeat mild concussions or traumatic brain injury on cerebral vasculature depend on several aspects of the trauma, including: (1) the physical characteristics of trauma or insult that result in damage; (2) the time "window" after trauma in which neuropathological features develop; (3) methods to detect possible breakdown of the blood-brain barrier; and (4) understanding different consequences of a single concussion as compared with multiple concussions.