A High-Performance Structural Supercapacitor.

Considering the low specific capacitance of structural solid supercapacitors, which is due to the low ion diffusivity in solid electrolytes and the small specific surface area of some structural electrodes such as carbon fiber fabrics, novel structural supercapacitor designs are proposed and evaluated in this study based on supercapacitor-functional sandwich composite materials. Typical electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) are proposed with liquid organic electrolyte 1 M TEABF in PC (propylene carbonate). In the innovative sandwich structured composites, supercapacitors are embedded in the skins and integrated in the honeycomb core where the aluminum faces of the core constitute the current collectors of the supercapacitor-functional core.

Interplay of a ligand sensor and an enzyme in controlling expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL genes.

The regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL genes in response to galactose as a source of carbon has served as a paradigm for eukaryotic transcriptional control over the last 50 years. Three proteins--a transcriptional activator (Gal4p), an inhibitor (Gal80p), and a ligand sensor (Gal3p)--control the switch between inert and active gene expression. The molecular mechanism by which the recognition of galactose within the cell is converted into a transcriptional response has been the subject of considerable debate.

Isolation of compensatory inhibitor domain mutants to novel activation domain variants using the split-ubiquitin screen.

The control of transcription factor function plays an important role in the development of many processes in eukaryotes, such as drug resistance in fungi and human tumours undergoing chemotherapy. Detailed molecular mapping of the interactions between transcription factors and their protein partners can give important information about their mechanisms of action and reveal potential therapeutic targets. We devised a genetic screening system for mapping the interaction site between the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor-inhibitor pair Gal4p and Gal80p.

Evaluating antirheumatic treatments using synovial biopsy: a recommendation for standardisation to be used in clinical trials.

Inflammation of synovium is one of the hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Analysis of synovial tissue has increased our understanding of RA pathogenesis, aided in identifying potential therapeutic targets and has been used in the response and mechanistic evaluation of antirheumatic treatments. In addition, studies are ongoing, aimed at the identification of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in the synovium.

Mutation of a phosphorylatable residue in Put3p affects the magnitude of rapamycin-induced PUT1 activation in a Gat1p-dependent manner.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae can utilize high quality (e.g. glutamine and ammonia) as well as low quality (e.

The big fix in health care.

What does this mean for Connecticut physicians? It means that the government will subsidize EMRs for your offices, that within five years you will have to have an EMR to be paid by Medicare, that you will be paid at the same rate as doctors in more rural regions of the U.S, and that Medicare will pay you at reduced rates or not all for procedures it deems as of no benefit.

The effect of ligand binding on the galactokinase activity of yeast Gal1p and its ability to activate transcription.

The galactokinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScGal1p) is a bifunctional protein. It is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of alpha-D-galactose into galactose 1-phosphate at the expense of ATP but can also function as a transcriptional inducer of the yeast GAL genes. For both of these activities, the protein requires two ligands; a sugar (galactose) and a nucleotide (ATP).

Localization and interaction of the proteins constituting the GAL genetic switch in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the GAL genes encode the enzymes required for galactose metabolism. Regulation of these genes has served as the paradigm for eukaryotic transcriptional control over the last 50 years. The switch between inert and active gene expression is dependent upon three proteins--the transcriptional activator Gal4p, the inhibitor Gal80p, and the ligand sensor Gal3p.

Effect of the early use of the anti-tumor necrosis factor adalimumab on the prevention of job loss in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective: To compare work disability and job loss in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients receiving adalimumab plus methotrexate (adalimumab + MTX) versus MTX alone.

Methods: In this multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, patients with RA for <2 years who had never taken MTX and who self-reported work impairment were randomized to adalimumab + MTX or placebo + MTX for 56 weeks. Primary outcome was job loss of any cause and/or imminent job loss at or after week 16.

Galactose metabolism in yeast-structure and regulation of the leloir pathway enzymes and the genes encoding them.

The enzymes of the Leloir pathway catalyze the conversion of galactose to a more metabolically useful version, glucose-6-phosphate. This pathway is required as galactose itself cannot be used for glycolysis directly. In most organisms, including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, five enzymes are required to catalyze this conversion: a galactose mutarotase, a galactokinase, a galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, a UDP-galactose-4-epimerase, and a phosphoglucomutase.

The interaction between an acidic transcriptional activator and its inhibitor. The molecular basis of Gal4p recognition by Gal80p.

The GAL genes, which encode the enzymes required for normal galactose metabolism in yeast, are transcriptionally regulated by three proteins: Gal4p, an activator; Gal80p, an inhibitor; and Gal3p, a galactose sensor. These proteins control the switch between inert and active gene expression. The transcriptional activation function of Gal4p is rendered inactive in the presence of Gal80p.

Metabolic control of transcription: paradigms and lessons from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The comparatively simple eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae is composed of some 6000 individual genes. Specific sets of these genes can be transcribed co-ordinately in response to particular metabolic signals. The resultant integrated response to nutrient challenge allows the organism to survive and flourish in a variety of environmental conditions while minimal energy is expended upon the production of unnecessary proteins.

Arthroscopy as a research tool: a review.

Arthroscopy continues to experience a growth in interest from the rheumatology community reflecting a common desire to gain better understanding of the underlying processes in inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases. Arthroscopy provides the ability to assess the internal appearances of a joint in a well tolerated and repeatable manner, to obtain tissue samples from the principle site of pathology within the joint and thus confers on it the role of "gold standard" amongst currently available imaging techniques. The evolution of arthroscopy is reviewed together with an overview of the evidence obtained from its research application in the rheumatology.

Therapy of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: outcome of infliximab failures switched to etanercept.

Objective: The role of alternative tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist therapies in the context of failure of initial TNF antagonist therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has yet to be clearly defined. The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of etanercept in patients who failed to respond to infliximab.

Methods: Ninety-five patients with RA who failed to respond to infliximab and methotrexate were treated with etanercept (with continuation of concomitant methotrexate).

Evaluation of predicted network modules in yeast metabolism using NMR-based metabolite profiling.

Genome-scale metabolic models promise important insights into cell function. However, the definition of pathways and functional network modules within these models, and in the biochemical literature in general, is often based on intuitive reasoning. Although mathematical methods have been proposed to identify modules, which are defined as groups of reactions with correlated fluxes, there is a need for experimental verification.

Understanding a transcriptional paradigm at the molecular level. The structure of yeast Gal80p.

In yeast, the GAL genes encode the enzymes required for normal galactose metabolism. Regulation of these genes in response to the organism being challenged with galactose has served as a paradigm for eukaryotic transcriptional control over the last 50 years. Three proteins, the activator Gal4p, the repressor Gal80p, and the ligand sensor Gal3p, control the switch between inert and active gene expression.

Uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxidase synthase by hypochlorous acid: role of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived superoxide and peroxynitrite.

Objective: The aim of the present study is to determine whether hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the major oxidant of leukocyte-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO), oxidizes the zinc-thiolate center of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and uncouples the enzyme.

Methods And Results: Exposure of purified recombinant eNOS to HOCl (> or = 100 micromol/L) released zinc and disrupted the enzyme-active eNOS dimers. In parallel with increased detections of both O2*- and ONOO-, clinically relevant concentrations of HOCl disrupted eNOS dimers in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) at concentration 10- to 100-fold lower than those required for recombinant eNOS.