Systematic web monitoring of drug test subversion strategies in the United States.

As negative drug tests are frequently a condition for employment, some people who use drugs will try to subvert the testing. In this study, systematic web monitoring was used to investigate how drug test subversion is discussed online. Posts pertaining to drug test subversion were obtained from public websites and the dark web (n = 634, July-December 2021).

Predicting Later Spelling from Kindergarten Spelling in U.S., Australian, and Swedish Children.

Purpose: Using data from 1,868 children from the US, Australia, and Sweden who took a 10-word spelling test in kindergarten and a standardized spelling test in Grades 1, 2, and (except for the Australian children) Grade 4, we examined two questions. First, does the quality of a child's errors on the kindergarten test help predict later spelling performance even after controlling for the number of correct responses on the kindergarten test? Second, does spelling develop at a faster pace in Swedish than in English?

Method: We measured kindergarten error quality based on the number of letter additions, deletions, and substitutions needed to transform each error into the correct spelling. Using mixed-model analyses, we examined the relationship of this and other variables to later spelling performance.

DGKα/ζ inhibitors combine with PD-1 checkpoint therapy to promote T cell-mediated antitumor immunity.

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint blockade therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. Although PD-1 blockade is effective in a subset of patients with cancer, many fail to respond because of either primary or acquired resistance. Thus, next-generation strategies are needed to expand the depth and breadth of clinical responses.

Initiation Patterns and Transitions Among Adults Using Stimulant Drugs: Latent Transition Analysis.

Background: The fourth wave of the drug overdose epidemic in the United States includes increasing rates of stimulant-involved overdose. Recent studies of transitions leading to stimulant misuse have shown complex patterns that are not universally applicable because they have isolated individual populations or individual behaviors. A comprehensive analysis of transitions between behaviors and the associations with present-day problematic drug use has not been conducted.

Addressing genetic essentialism: Sharpening context in behavior genetics.

Evidence of a causal role for genes in human behavior underpins genetic essentialism, the scientifically flawed and socially hazardous idea that heritable characteristics are immutable. Behavior geneticists can challenge this idea by designing research that brings the contextual dependence of heritability estimates into sharper focus, and by incorporating a relevant statement into research reports and public outreach.

Disasters and corruption: public expectations and tolerance-evidence from Mexico.

Disaster corruption is a vexing problem, damaging state legitimacy and exacerbating human suffering. Mexico has a history of both major disasters and persistently high levels of corruption. A magnitude 7.

Discovery of 42 genome-wide significant loci associated with dyslexia.

Reading and writing are crucial life skills but roughly one in ten children are affected by dyslexia, which can persist into adulthood. Family studies of dyslexia suggest heritability up to 70%, yet few convincing genetic markers have been found. Here we performed a genome-wide association study of 51,800 adults self-reporting a dyslexia diagnosis and 1,087,070 controls and identified 42 independent genome-wide significant loci: 15 in genes linked to cognitive ability/educational attainment, and 27 new and potentially more specific to dyslexia.

Identification and characterization of a MAPT-targeting locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotide therapeutic for tauopathies.

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein (, tau) implicated in the pathogenesis of tauopathies, a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of hyperphosphorylated, aggregated tau. Because tau pathology can be distinct across diseases, a pragmatic therapeutic approach may be to intervene at the level of the tau transcript, as it makes no assumptions to mechanisms of tau toxicity. Here we performed a large library screen of locked-nucleic-acid (LNA)-modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), where careful tiling of the locus resulted in the identification of hot spots for activity in the 3' UTR.

Mathematics Difficulties and Psychopathology in School-Age Children.

This study investigated the relationship between mathematics difficulties and psychopathology in a large community sample ( = 881) of youth (8-18 years of age) in the United States. The primary aims of the study were to (a) test the associations between mathematics difficulties and specific components of internalizing, externalizing, attention, and social problems; (b) examine potential age and gender differences; and (c) investigate the longitudinal relationship between mathematics and psychopathology using 5-year follow-up data. Results indicated that individuals with mathematics difficulties exhibited elevations in most dimensions of psychopathology, including anxiety, depression, externalizing behaviors, attention problems, and social problems.

Web-Based Discussion and Illicit Street Sales of Tapentadol and Oxycodone in Australia: Epidemiological Surveillance Study.

Background: Opioid use disorder and its consequences are a persistent public health concern for Australians. Web activity has been used to understand the perception of drug safety and diversion of drugs in contexts outside of Australia. The anonymity of the internet offers several advantages for surveilling and inquiring about specific covert behaviors, such as diversion or discussion of sensitive subjects where traditional surveillance approaches might be limited.

Modeling the Speeded Determinants of Adolescents' Academic and Attentional Functioning.

The current study utilized a large, unselected sample of adolescent twins to examine whether processing speed (PS) is an important shared predictor that accounts for covariance among reading, math, ADHD, and rapid naming (RN). The best fitting model included correlated but distinguishable latent measures of PS, RN, reading, math, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and academic fluency. PS was a shared predictor across all outcomes, while RN was uniquely associated with reading, fluency, and (albeit weakly) math.

In Search of Cognitive Promotive and Protective Factors for Word Reading.

This study examined whether strong cognitive skills (i.e. vocabulary, rapid naming, verbal working memory [VWM], and processing speed [PS]) contributed to resilience in single-word reading skills in children at risk for reading difficulties because of low phonological awareness scores (PA).

A P(V) platform for oligonucleotide synthesis.

The promise of gene-based therapies is being realized at an accelerated pace, with more than 155 active clinical trials and multiple U.S. Food and Drug Administration approvals for therapeutic oligonucleotides, by far most of which contain modified phosphate linkages.

Neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm infants enrolled in myo-inositol randomized controlled trial.

Objective: This study evaluates the 24-month follow-up for the NICHD Neonatal Research Network (NRN) Inositol for Retinopathy Trial.

Study Design: Bayley Scales of Infants Development-III and a standardized neurosensory examination were performed in infants enrolled in the main trial. Moderate/severe NDI was defined as BSID-III Cognitive or Motor composite score <85, moderate or severe cerebral palsy, blindness, or hearing loss that prevents communication despite amplification were assessed.

How Specific Are Learning Disabilities?

Despite historical emphasis on "specific" learning disabilities (SLDs), academic skills are strongly correlated across the curriculum. Thus, one can ask how specific SLDs truly are. To answer this question, we used bifactor models to identify variance shared across academic domains (academic ), as well as variance unique to reading, mathematics, and writing.

Synthesis of functionalized derivatives of the gamma-secretase modulator BMS-932481 and identification of its major metabolite.

In an effort to improve physical properties by introducing polar functionality into the bicyclic pyrimidine gamma-secretase modulator (GSM) clinical candidate BMS-932481, we prepared several oxidative products of BMS-932481. Among the analogs that were prepared, the C-5 alcohol 3 was identified as the predominant metabolite of BMS-932481 found in rat and human liver microsomes. Alcohol 3 was determined to be chemically unstable, leading to the hypothesis that 3 may lead to the production of reactive species both in vitro and in vivo.

Exploring the Influence of Early Childhood Education and Care on the Etiology of Achievement.

The present study used a genetically-sensitive quantile regression approach to examine the relation between participation in early childhood education and care (ECEC) and subsequent school performance in literacy and numeracy at grades 3, 5, 7, and 9. The sample consisted of 1255 twin pairs (596 MZ; 659 DZ) with information on both ECEC and the National Assessment Program-Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) scores from the Twin Study of NAPLAN. Results indicated variation in heritability estimates across the distributions of achievement, suggesting that different patterns of etiological influences may exist among children of different ability levels.

Using an item-specific predictor to test the dimensionality of the orthographic choice task.

The orthographic choice (OC) task-requiring individuals to choose the correct spelling between a word and a pseudohomophone foil (e.g., goat vs.

Online Conversation Monitoring to Understand the Opioid Epidemic: Epidemiological Surveillance Study.

Background: Between 2016 and 2017, the national mortality rate involving opioids continued its escalation; opioid deaths rose from 42,249 to 47,600, bringing the public health crisis to a new height. Considering that 69% of adults in the United States use online social media sites, a resource that builds a more complete understanding of prescription drug misuse and abuse could supplement traditional surveillance instruments. The Food and Drug Administration has identified 5 key risks and consequences of opioid drugs-misuse, abuse, addiction, overdose, and death.

The Academic Development Study of Australian Twins (ADSAT): Research Aims and Design.

The Academic Development Study of Australian Twins was established in 2012 with the purpose of investigating the relative influence of genes and environments in literacy and numeracy capabilities across two primary and two secondary school grades in Australia. It is the first longitudinal twin project of its kind in Australia and comprises a sample of 2762 twin pairs, 40 triplet sets and 1485 nontwin siblings. Measures include standardized literacy and numeracy test data collected at Grades 3, 5, 7 and 9 as part of the National Assessment Program: Literacy and Numeracy.