The Clinician's Tardive Inventory (CTI): A New Clinical Tool for Documenting and Rating Tardive Dyskinesia.

Current clinician-rated tardive dyskinesia (TD) symptom scales have not addressed the expanding clinical signs and functional impact of TD. The study objective was to develop and test the reliability of a new integrated instrument. A movement disorder neurologist devised the outline of the rating scale.

Pain in cervical dystonia: mechanisms, assessment and treatment.

Introduction: In patients with cervical dystonia (CD), pain is a major contributor to disability and social isolation and is often the main reason patients seek treatment. Surveys evaluating patient perceptions of their CD symptoms consistently highlight pain as a troublesome and disabling feature of their condition with significant impact on daily life and work.

Areas Covered: In this article, the authors review the epidemiology, assessment, possible mechanisms and treatment of pain in CD, including a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial data with abobotulinumtoxinA.

Impact of abobotulinumtoxinA on the clinical features of cervical dystonia in routine practice.

Introduction: The efficacy and safety of abobotulinumtoxinA in the management of cervical dystonia has been established in randomized, controlled trials that use a selected trial population. In this meta-analysis of observational data, we evaluated the real-life effectiveness of abobotulinumtoxinA as delivered in routine clinical practice.

Methods: Meta-analysis of patient-level data for adult patients with cervical dystonia treated with abobotulinumtoxinA from three prospective, multicenter, observational studies (NCT01314365, NCT00833196 and NCT01753349).

Spectrum of practice in the routine management of cervical dystonia with abobotulinumtoxinA: findings from three prospective open-label observational studies.

Background: Cervical dystonia is a heterogeneous disorder with several possible presentations, for which first-line therapy is often botulinum toxin (BoNT). In routine clinical practice the success of each BoNT injection is dependent on several variables, including individual presentation and injection technique. Large multicenter, observational studies provide important information on individualized administration strategies that cannot be otherwise ascertained from controlled clinical trials.

Multicenter observational study of abobotulinumtoxinA neurotoxin in cervical dystonia: The ANCHOR-CD registry.

Background: The ANCHOR-CD prospective observational registry study evaluated the effectiveness of abobotulinumtoxinA in adult idiopathic cervical dystonia (CD) in clinical practice.

Methods: Adults with CD were eligible. Treating physicians determined abobotulinumtoxinA dose and treatment interval.

Physicians' experience with RYTARY (carbidopa and levodopa) extended-release capsules in patients who have Parkinson disease.

A discussion between Dr. Dee Silver and Dr. Richard Trosch provides insight and advice for physicians considering a switch from immediate-release carbidopa-levodopa (IR CD-LD) to RYTARY as a treatment for patients with Parkinson disease (PD).

A Retrospective, Single-Center Comparative Cost Analysis of OnabotulinumtoxinA and AbobotulinumtoxinA for Cervical Dystonia Treatment.

Background: Chemodenervation with botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is recommended as first-line treatment for the management of cervical dystonia. The choice of BoNT for treatment is subject to the consideration of several factors, including cost.

Objective: To compare the costs incurred by patients and payers for onabotulinumtoxinA (ONA) or abobotulinumtoxinA (ABO) for the treatment of cervical dystonia.

Mutations in GNAL cause primary torsion dystonia.

Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by repetitive twisting muscle contractions and postures. Its molecular pathophysiology is poorly understood, in part owing to limited knowledge of the genetic basis of the disorder. Only three genes for primary torsion dystonia (PTD), TOR1A (DYT1), THAP1 (DYT6) and CIZ1 (ref.

Intermittent subcutaneous apomorphine therapy for 'off' episodes in Parkinson's disease: a 6-month open-label study.

Purpose: The outpatient follow-up phase of the apomorphine (APO) 303 study assessed the long-term efficacy and safety of intermittent subcutaneous apomorphine for 'off' episodes in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.

Methods: We conducted a 6-month open-label outpatient extension of an in-office dose-escalation study. Patients received apomorphine at a dose considered optimal based on safety and efficacy assessments during the dose-titration phase.

Botulinum toxin type B (Myobloc) in subjects with hemifacial spasm: results from an open-label, dose-escalation safety study.

Objective: Evaluate the safety of botulinum toxin type B (BoNT-B) in subjects with hemifacial spasm (HFS).

Methods: This open-label, sequential dose-escalation study evaluated BoNT-B in subjects with HFS. Eligible subjects were enrolled and received a single injection of one of four sequential BoNT-B doses (100, 200, 400, or 800 U).

Subcutaneous apomorphine in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease: a dose-escalation study with randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover evaluation of a single dose.

Objective: To further explore the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous apomorphine (APO) in treating off episodes in APO-naïve patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods: 56 patients receiving optimized oral anti-PD medication were evaluated on separate days for response to single increasing doses of APO. Acute response to oral anti-PD medication and APO dose escalation (2-10 mg) was evaluated under unblinded conditions.