High Modulation Bandwidth of Semipolar (11-22) InGaN/GaN LEDs with Long Wavelength Emission.

Visible light communication requires III-nitride LEDs with a high modulation bandwidth but have c-plane limitations. General illumination requires green/yellow III-nitride LEDs with high optical efficiency that are difficult to achieve on c-plane substrates. Micro-LEDs with a low efficiency are used to obtain a high modulation bandwidth.

Fully automated patellofemoral MRI segmentation using holistically nested networks: Implications for evaluating patellofemoral osteoarthritis, pain, injury, pathology, and adolescent development.

Purpose: Our clinical understanding of the relationship between 3D bone morphology and knee osteoarthritis, as well as our ability to investigate potential causative factors of osteoarthritis, has been hampered by the time-intensive nature of manually segmenting bone from MR images. Thus, we aim to develop and validate a fully automated deep learning framework for segmenting the patella and distal femur cortex, in both adults and actively growing adolescents.

Methods: Data from 93 subjects, obtained from on institutional review board-approved protocol, formed the study database.

Increased Patellar Volume/Width and Decreased Femoral Trochlear Width Are Associated With Adolescent Patellofemoral Pain.

Background: Patellofemoral pain is one of the most common forms of knee arthralgia in adolescent females. Unlike in adults, in whom the etiology of patellofemoral pain is considered to be multifactorial (eg, altered bone shape and musculoskeletal dynamics), the etiology of adolescent patellofemoral pain has been historically attributed to overuse. Although it is highly plausible that adolescent patellofemoral pain results from excessive maltracking, as suggested by recent research, an increase in patellar, relative to femoral, size could also contribute to patellofemoral pain through altered cartilage stresses/strains, resulting in overloading of the subchondral bone.

Saudi medical students knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs with regard to organ donation and transplantation.

A positive attitude to organ donation among doctors is key to increasing organ donation. Education of medical students is suggested to be central to achieving this. This study examined whether knowledge of organ donation and transplantation (ODT) correlates with attitudes and beliefs relevant to ODT among medical students in Saudi Arabia.

Atlas Fractures: Diagnosis, Current Treatment Recommendations, and Implications for Elderly Patients.

Fractures of the C1 vertebrae (atlas) are commonly the result of falls and other trauma, which cause hyperextension, or axial compression of the cervical spine. Although historically thought as a benign injury with lower neurological risks, current data suggests that this may not hold true for geriatric patients (aged 65 y and older) who may be predisposed to these fractures even after lower-energy trauma such as ground-level falls. Advancements in orthopedic trauma care has increased our diagnostic abilities to identify and manage patients with C1 fractures and other upper cervical spine trauma.

Kleine-Levin syndrome: clues to aetiology.

Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS) is the commonest recurrent sleep disorder, with a prevalence of 1-2 per million population. Clear diagnostic criteria are now defined, but effective treatment remains elusive. The significant body of published literature allows consideration of possible aetiological mechanisms, an understanding of which could guide the development of therapeutic strategies.

The clinical characteristics of Kleine-Levin syndrome according to ethnicity and geographic location.

Purpose: Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS) is a rare, relapsing-remitting, debilitating sleep disorder. Examining KLS characteristics in different ethnic populations may help elucidate the genetic basis of the disorder. No studies have examined KLS in Arabs.

The sleep architecture of Saudi Arabian patients with Kleine-Levin syndrome.

To establish baseline sleep architecture during an acute attack of Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS) in a cohort of Saudi Arabian KLS patients and compare these characteristics with other published cohorts. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of the polysomnographic characteristics of 10 typical symptomatic Saudi Arabian KLS patients attending the University Sleep Disorders Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between 2002 and 2015. Data were captured by nocturnal polysomnography during an acute attack of hypersomnia and compared with other published cohorts identified via a systematic literature search.

Impact attenuation properties of jazz shoes alter lower limb joint stiffness during jump landings.

Objectives: To quantify the impact attenuation properties of the jazz shoes, and to investigate the in-vivo effect of four jazz shoe designs on lower limb joint stiffness during a dance-specific jump.

Design: Repeated measures.

Methods: A custom-built mechanical shoe tester similar to that used by athletic shoe companies was used to vertically impact the forefoot and heel region of four different jazz shoe designs.

A novel motion sensor-driven control system for FES-assisted walking after spinal cord injury: A pilot study.

This pilot study reports the development of a novel closed-loop (CL) FES-gait control system, which employed a finite-state controller that processed kinematic feedback from four miniaturized motion sensors. This strategy automated the control of knee extension via quadriceps and gluteus stimulation during the stance phase of gait on the supporting leg, and managed the stimulation delivered to the common peroneal nerve (CPN) during swing-phase on the contra-lateral limb. The control system was assessed against a traditional open-loop (OL) system on two sensorimotor 'complete' paraplegic subjects.

The identification of risk factors for ankle sprains sustained during netball participation.

Objectives: Ankle sprains account for a large percentage of injuries sustained in netball. The identification of risk factors for ankle sprain is the preliminary action required to inform future prevention strategies.

Design: Prospective study.

Cardiorespiratory and Muscle Metabolic Responses During Conventional Versus Motion Sensor-Assisted Strategies for Functional Electrical Stimulation Standing After Spinal Cord Injury.

This is a case series study with the objective of comparing two motion sensor automated strategies to avert knee buckle during functional electrical stimulation (FES)-standing against a conventional hand-controlled (HC) FES approach. The research was conducted in a clinical exercise laboratory gymnasium at the University of Sydney, Australia. The automated strategies, Aut-A and Aut-B, applied fixed and variable changes of neurostimulation, respectively, in quadriceps amplitude to precisely control knee extension during standing.

A snapshot of chronic ankle instability in a cohort of netball players.

Objectives: Ankle injuries account for the highest percentage of injuries in netball, yet the chronic nature of ankle sprains is under reported within this population group. Chronic ankle instability is a term used to describe certain insufficiencies that persist after an acute ankle sprain. The aim of this study was to investigate recurrent sprain, perceived ankle instability and mechanical ankle instability in a cohort of netball players.

Pancreas and islet transplantation: psychological themes pre- and posttransplant.

Purpose Of Review: To date, islet and whole pancreas transplantation have been largely researched and reported separately. Therefore, for the first time, this review seeks to examine together the recently reported psychological issues as they relate to the two different types of transplantation.

Recent Findings: In relation to pancreas transplantation, recent findings indicate potential issues relating to energy levels, including sleep problems; mood problems (anxiety, depression, traumatic stress); social interactions; and identity issues.

The effect of external ankle support on the kinematics and kinetics of the lower limb during a side step cutting task in netballers.

Background: Excessive knee valgus moments are considered to be a risk factor for non-contact injuries in female athletes. Knee injuries are highly prevalent in netballers and are significant in terms of cost and disability. The aim of the study was to identify if changes in external ankle support mechanisms effect the range of motion and loading patterns at the ankle and knee joint during a sidestep cutting manoeuvre in high performance netball players.

In-shoe multi-segment foot kinematics of children during the propulsive phase of walking and running.

Certain styles of children's shoes reduce 1st metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) and midfoot motion during propulsion of walking. However, no studies have investigated if the splinting effect of shoes on children's 1st MTPJ and midfoot motion occurs during running. This study investigated the effect of sports shoes on multi-segment foot kinematics of children during propulsion of walking and running.

Evoked EMG versus muscle torque during fatiguing functional electrical stimulation-evoked muscle contractions and short-term recovery in individuals with spinal cord injury.

This study investigated whether the relationship between muscle torque and m-waves remained constant after short recovery periods, between repeated intervals of isometric muscle contractions induced by functional electrical stimulation (FES). Eight subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI) were recruited for the study. All subjects had their quadriceps muscles group stimulated during three sessions of isometric contractions separated by 5 min of recovery.

Kinematic analysis of sautés in barefoot and shod conditions.

Dancers are exposed to many landings from jumps during class and performance, and repetitive loading has been linked with an increased risk of injury. Little is known about the effect of different dance shoe types on jump landings, and with so many dance shoe designs available to choose from, a thorough exploration is warranted. Dance technique dictates that jump landings be "rolled through the foot," with a toe strike followed by controlled lowering of the ball of the foot and heel.

Chronic ankle instability in sporting populations.

Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a term used to identify certain insufficiencies of the ankle joint complex following an acute ankle injury. Acute ankle injuries are often associated with sporting mishaps; however, this review was the first to identify the aspects of CAI (perceived instability, mechanical instability and recurrent sprain), and persisting symptoms following an ankle sprain, that have been reported within sporting cohorts.

Objective: To determine the presence of common aspects of CAI within individual sports.

Home urine C-peptide creatinine ratio can be used to monitor islet transplant function.

Objective: Islet graft function is defined by serum C-peptide in a standardized challenge test. We assessed whether urine C-peptide creatinine ratio (UCPCR) sent from home could provide a viable alternative.

Research Design And Methods: Seventeen islet recipients provided 90-min serum C-peptide (sCP90) and 120-min UCPCR (UCPCR120) samples during 68 interval posttransplant mixed-meal tolerance tests, also posting from home a 120-min postbreakfast UCPCR sample every 2 weeks.

Experiences with the OECD 308 transformation test: a human pharmaceutical perspective.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 308 water-sediment transformation test has been routinely conducted in Phase II Tier A testing of the environmental risk assessment (ERA) for all human pharmaceutical marketing authorization applications in Europe, since finalization of Environmental Medicines Agency (EMA) ERA guidance in June 2006. In addition to the "Ready Biodegradation" test, it is the only transformation test for the aquatic/sediment compartment that supports the classification of the drug substance for its potential persistence in the environment and characterizes the fate of the test material in a water-sediment environment. Presented is an overview of 31 OECD 308 studies conducted by 4 companies with a focus on how pharmaceuticals behave in these water-sediment systems.

Physiological and physical characteristics of elite dragon boat paddlers.

The objectives of this study were to profile the physiological and physical characteristics of elite dragon boat paddlers, to identify characteristics that predict race performance and to quantify the metabolic energy contributions to simulated 200-m and 500-m dragon boat racing. Eleven, national level, male, Japanese dragon boat paddlers completed a battery of tests on a paddling ergometer including an incremental maximal aerobic capacity test, a 2-minute maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) test, and simulated 200-m and 500-m races. A physiological and physical profile of subjects was compiled.

Impact attenuation during weight bearing activities in barefoot vs. shod conditions: a systematic review.

Although it could be perceived that there is extensive research on the impact attenuation characteristics of shoes, the approach and findings of researchers in this area are varied. This review aimed to clarify the effect of shoes on impact attenuation to the foot and lower leg and was limited to those studies that compared the shoe condition(s) with barefoot. A systematic search of the literature yielded 26 studies that investigated vertical ground reaction force, axial tibial acceleration, loading rate and local plantar pressures.

Functional electrical stimulation elliptical stepping versus cycling in spinal cord-injured individuals.

Background: The cardiorespiratory responses and mechanical efficiencies of two modalities of functional electrical stimulation augmented leg exercises - isokinetic cycling and isokinetic elliptical stepping - were compared amongst individuals with spinal cord injury.

Methods: Five subjects performed seated isokinetic evoked cycling and elliptical stepping leg exercise at 10, 20 and 30rev·min(-1) pedal cadences. 3-D motion analysis and force transducers attached onto the foot pedals quantified the external forces and power outputs developed by each lower extremity.