Differences among diagnostic testing algorithms in the time from HIV diagnosis to care.

Background: The association between the type of diagnostic testing algorithm for HIV infection and the time from diagnosis to care has not been fully evaluated. Here we extend an earlier analysis of this association by controlling for patient and diagnosing facility characteristics.

Study Design: Descriptive analysis of HIV infection diagnoses during 2016 reported to the National HIV Surveillance System through December 2017.

Viral Loads Within 6 Weeks After Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Early and Later Stages: Observational Study Using National Surveillance Data.

Background: Early (including acute) HIV infection is associated with viral loads higher than those in later stages.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between acute infection and viral loads near the time of diagnosis using data reported to the US National HIV Surveillance System.

Methods: We analyzed data on infections diagnosed in 2012-2016 and reported through December 2017.

Trends in testing algorithms used to diagnose HIV infection, 2011-2015, United States and 6 dependent areas.

Background: In 2014 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) issued updated laboratory testing recommendations for the diagnosis of HIV infection.

Objectives: To examine trends in the use of HIV diagnostic testing algorithms, and determine whether the use of different algorithms is associated with selected patient characteristics and linkage to HIV medical care.

Study Design: Analysis of HIV infection diagnoses during 2011-2015 reported to the National HIV Surveillance System through December 2016.

HIV Care and Viral Suppression During the Last Year of Life: A Comparison of HIV-Infected Persons Who Died of HIV-Attributable Causes With Persons Who Died of Other Causes in 2012 in 13 US Jurisdictions.

Background: Little information is available about care before death among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons who die of HIV infection, compared with those who die of other causes.

Objective: The objective of our study was to compare HIV care and outcome before death among persons with HIV who died of HIV-attributable versus other causes.

Methods: We used National HIV Surveillance System data on CD4 T-lymphocyte counts and viral loads within 12 months before death in 2012, as well as on underlying cause of death.

Associations and Trends in Cause-Specific Rates of Death Among Persons Reported with HIV Infection, 23 U.S. Jurisdictions, Through 2011.

Background: Published death rates for persons with HIV have not distinguished deaths due to HIV from deaths due to other causes. Cause-specific death rates would allow better assessment of care needs.

Methods: Using data reported to the US national HIV surveillance system, we examined a) associations between selected decedent characteristics and causes of death during 2007-2011, b) trends in rates of death due to underlying causes among persons with AIDS during 1990-2011, and among all persons with diagnosed HIV infection (with or without AIDS) during 2000-2011.

Mortality Risk After AIDS-Defining Opportunistic Illness Among HIV-Infected Persons--San Francisco, 1981-2012.

Objective: To examine whether improved human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment was associated with better survival after diagnosis of AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses (AIDS-OIs) and how survival differed by AIDS-OI.

Design: We used HIV surveillance data to conduct a survival analysis.

Methods: We estimated survival probabilities after first AIDS-OI diagnosis among adult patients with AIDS in San Francisco during 3 treatment eras: 1981-1986; 1987-1996; and 1997-2012.

Disparities among US states in HIV-related mortality in persons with HIV infection, 2001-2007.

Objective: To examine interstate variation in US HIV case-fatality rates, and compare them with corresponding conventional HIV death rates.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis using data on deaths due to HIV infection from the National Vital Statistics System and data on persons 15 years or older living with HIV infection in 2001-2007 in 37 US states from the national HIV/AIDS Reporting System.

Methods: State rankings by age-adjusted HIV case-fatality rates (with HIV-infected population denominators) were compared with rankings by conventional death rates (with general population denominators).

Trends in Diseases Reported on US Death Certificates That Mentioned HIV Infection, 1996-2006.

Objective: We examined trends during 1996-2006 in diseases reported on death certificates that mentioned HIV infection.

Methods: We analyzed multiple-cause mortality data compiled from all US death certificates with any mention of HIV to determine the annual percentages of deaths with various diseases.

Results: Deaths reported with HIV during 1996-2006 decreased from 35 340 to 13 750.

Comparing the National Death Index and the Social Security Administration's Death Master File to ascertain death in HIV surveillance.

Objectives: New York City (NYC) maintains a population-based registry of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to monitor the epidemic and inform resource allocation. We evaluated record linkages with the National Death Index (NDI) and the Social Security Administration's Death Master File (SSDMF) to find deaths occurring from 2000 through 2004.

Methods: We linked records from 32,837 people reported with HIV and not previously known to be dead with deaths reported in the NDI and the SSDMF.

Characteristics of HIV infection among Hispanics, United States 2003-2006.

Background: Hispanic subgroups of varied national origin differ culturally; overall, Hispanics in the United States are disproportionately affected by HIV infection.

Methods: We analyzed cases of HIV infection that were diagnosed among Hispanics in 33 states and US-dependent areas during 2003-2006 and reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through June 2007. We used Poisson regression to calculate the estimated annual percent change in the number and rate of HIV diagnoses and used logistic regression to analyze the association between birthplace and a short (<12 months) HIV-to-AIDS interval.

Trends in perimortal conditions and mortality rates among HIV-infected patients.

Objectives: To describe trends in perimortal conditions (pathological conditions causing death or present at death but not necessarily the reported cause of death) during three periods related to the availability of HAART, pre-HAART (1992-1995), early HAART (1996-1999), and contemporary HAART (2000-2003); annual mortality rates; and antiretroviral therapy (ART) prevalence during 1992-2003.

Design: Multicenter observational clinical cohort in the United States (Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease [ASD] project).

Methods: Proportionate mortality for selected perimortal conditions, annual mortality rates, and ART prevalence were standardized by sex, race/ethnicity, age at death, HIV transmission category, and lowest CD4 cell count of ASD decedents.

Characteristics of persons with heterosexually acquired HIV infection, United States 1999-2004.

Objectives: In the United States a growing proportion of cases of heterosexually acquired HIV infections occur in women and in persons of color. We analyzed the association between race/ethnicity, whether diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS were made concurrently, and the survival after diagnosis of heterosexually acquired AIDS.

Methods: We used data from 29 states that report confidential name-based HIV/AIDS cases to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to calculate estimated annual percentage change in the number of actual diagnoses and analyzed the association between race/ethnicity and concurrent diagnoses of HIV and AIDS.

This place is killing me: a comparison of counties where the incidence rates of AIDS increased the most and the least.

Background: The objective of this study was to identify the socioeconomic and health characteristics of communities with the largest proportional increases in incidence rates of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Methods: Reported AIDS cases (1981-1990 and 1995-1999) were used for a comparison between 20 US counties with the largest proportional increases in incidence rates of AIDS and 20 US counties with the smallest increases. Data were obtained from Community Health Status Indicators Reports of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) and from the US Census Bureau.

Changes in deaths reported with human immunodeficiency virus infection among United States children less than thirteen years old, 1987 through 1999.

Background: With implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy during 1995 through 1999, deaths reported in adults with HIV infection decreased 67%, and the proportions of those accompanied by various opportunistic infections decreased, whereas their proportions with possibly unrelated conditions (e.g. diseases of liver, kidneys and heart) increased.

Increase in deaths caused by HIV infection due to changes in rules for selecting underlying cause of death.

With implementation of the (ICD-10), for U.S. vital statistics in 1999, the criteria for selecting HIV infection as the underlying cause of death were expanded.

Trends in diseases reported on U.S. death certificates that mentioned HIV infection, 1987-1999.

To examine trends in the proportions of deaths with various diseases among deaths with HIV infection, we analyzed multiple-cause death certificate data for all deaths in the United States from 1987 through 1999. Disease proportions were adjusted to control for demographic changes. Deaths reported with HIV infection increased from 15,331 in 1987 to 47,977 in 1995 and then decreased to 16,061 in 1999.