Natural History of Oral HPV Infection among Indigenous South Australians.

This study aims to describe the natural history of and identify the risk factors associated with oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in an Australian Indigenous cohort. A longitudinal cohort study design, with baseline (2018), 12-month, and 24-month data obtained from Indigenous Australians aged 18+ years in South Australia, was performed. Face-to-face interviews were conducted, and saliva samples for HPV testing were collected at each time point.

Factors Associated With Oral Mucositis Severity in Children Who Have Received Chemotherapy.

Oral mucositis (OM) is a major complication for pediatric oncology patients undergoing cancer therapy. This paper aimed to report on the relationship between OM severity and various patient factors as well as to compare 2 scales used to assess OM severity. The severity of 68 separate episodes of OM in 47 pediatric oncology patients who had received chemotherapy was regularly assessed using the Children's International Mucositis Evaluation Scale (ChIMES) and World Health Organization (WHO) scale.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy for the Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Advances in treatment approaches for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have been unsuccessful in preventing frequent recurrences and distant metastases, leading to a poor prognosis. Early detection and prevention enable an improved 5-year survival and better prognosis. Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy (CLE) is a non-invasive imaging instrument that could enable an earlier diagnosis and possibly help in reducing unnecessary invasive surgical procedures.

Cohort profile: indigenous human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma study - a prospective longitudinal cohort.

Purpose: Our aims are to: (1) estimate prevalence, incidence, clearance and persistence of oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among Indigenous Australians; (2) identify risk factors associated with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC)-related HPV types (HPV 16 or 18); (3) develop HPV-related health state valuations and; (4) determine the impact on OPSCC and cervical cancers, and the cost-effectiveness of extending publicly-funded HPV vaccination among Indigenous Australians.

Participants: Participants were recruited from February 2018 to January 2019. Twelve-month follow-up occurred from March 2019 to March 2020.

High-Risk Human Papillomavirus-Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Among Non-Indigenous and Indigenous Populations: A Systematic Review.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of oral high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) infection and the proportion of hr-HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) among Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations.

Data Source: Electronic database searches of PubMed, PubMed Central, Embase, MEDLINE, Scope, and Google Scholar were conducted for articles published from January 2000 until November 2019.

Review Methods: Studies were included with a minimum of 100 cases assessing hr-HPV infection in either population samples or oropharyngeal cancer tumor series.

MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy.

Background: Mucositis is a significant toxicity of cancer therapy with numerous systemic sequelae. The goal of this systematic review was to update the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer and International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of mucositis.

Methods: The literature was reviewed systematically to identify interventions for mucositis.

Prevalence of Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Australian Indigenous Adults.

Importance: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. International estimates suggest overall oral HPV prevalence is 7.5%, with prevalence of oral HPV types 16 and 18 being 1.

Systematic review of growth factors and cytokines for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients and clinical practice guidelines.

Purpose: To update the clinical practice guidelines for the use of growth factors and cytokines for the prevention and/or treatment of oral mucositis (OM).

Methods: A systematic review was conducted by the Mucositis Study Group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO). The body of evidence for each intervention, in each cancer treatment setting, was assigned an evidence level.

Retrospective analysis of South Australian pediatric oral and maxillofacial pathology over a 16-year period.

Aim: The epidemiological features and distribution of pediatric oral and maxillofacial pathology in South Australia, Australia, is unknown. The medical and dental specialties involved in the management of oral and maxillofacial pathology is also unknown. The aim of the present study was to audit oral and maxillofacial pathology specimens submitted for diagnosis in a pediatric tertiary-referral hospital setting.

Histological analysis of 41 dentigerous cysts in a paediatric population.

Background: Dentigerous cysts are usually of developmental nature but may be of inflammatory origin especially in paediatric populations. It is important to understand the histological features of dentigerous cysts to enable accurate diagnosis. The aim of this study is to present epidemiological, clinical features and histopathological features of dentigerous cysts seen in a paediatric tertiary referral hospital.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), angiostatin, and endostatin are increased in radiotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity.

Purpose: Radiotherapy-induced gut toxicity (RIGT) is a debilitating effect of radiotherapy for cancer, often resulting in significant diarrhea and pain. Previous studies have highlighted roles of the intestinal microvasculature and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the development of RIGT. We hypothesized vascular mediators would be significantly altered in a dark agouti (DA) rat model of RIGT.

Matrix metalloproteinase expression is altered in the small and large intestine following fractionated radiation in vivo.

Purpose: Radiotherapy-induced gut toxicity (RIGT) is associated with significant diarrhoea, pain and rectal bleeding. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been reported to be involved in chemotherapy-induced gut toxicity and RIGT following single-dose irradiation in vivo. We therefore proposed MMPs would be involved in the pathobiology of RIGT following fractionated irradiation.

A systematic review of oral herpetic viral infections in cancer patients: commonly used outcome measures and interventions.

Purpose: To review the literature for outcome measures for oral viral infections in cancer patients. A secondary aim was to update the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) clinical practice guidelines for the management of oral viral infections in cancer patients.

Methods: Databases were searched for articles published in the English language, 1981-2013.

TLR4-Dependent Claudin-1 Internalization and Secretagogue-Mediated Chloride Secretion Regulate Irinotecan-Induced Diarrhea.

We have previously shown increased intestinal permeability, to 4-kDa FITC-dextran, in BALB/c mice treated with irinotecan. Importantly, genetic deletion of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4; Tlr4) protected against loss of barrier function, indicating that TLR4 is critical in tight junction regulation. The current study aimed (i) to determine the molecular characteristics of intestinal tight junctions in wild-type and Tlr4 BALB/c mice and (ii) to characterize the secretory profile of the distal colon.

Cytokine-mediated blood brain barrier disruption as a conduit for cancer/chemotherapy-associated neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction.

Neurotoxicity is a common side effect of chemotherapy treatment, with unclear molecular mechanisms. Clinical studies suggest that the most frequent neurotoxic adverse events affect memory and learning, attention, concentration, processing speeds and executive function. Emerging preclinical research points toward direct cellular toxicity and induction of neuroinflammation as key drivers of neurotoxicity and subsequent cognitive impairment.

Irinotecan-Induced Gastrointestinal Dysfunction and Pain Are Mediated by Common TLR4-Dependent Mechanisms.

Strong epidemiological data indicate that chemotherapy-induced gut toxicity and pain occur in parallel, indicating common underlying mechanisms. We have recently outlined evidence suggesting that TLR4 signaling may contribute to both side effects. We therefore aimed to determine if genetic deletion of TLR4 improves chemotherapy-induced gut toxicity and pain.

A novel in vitro platform for the study of SN38-induced mucosal damage and the development of Toll-like receptor 4-targeted therapeutic options.

Tight junction and epithelial barrier disruption is a common trait of many gastrointestinal pathologies, including chemotherapy-induced gut toxicity. Currently, there are no validated in vitro models suitable for the study of chemotherapy-induced mucosal damage that allow paralleled functional and structural analyses of tight junction integrity. We therefore aimed to determine if a transparent, polyester membrane insert supports a polarized T84 monolayer with the phenotypically normal tight junctions.

Development and psychometric validation of social cognitive theory scales in an oral health context.

Objective: This study aimed to develop and evaluate scales reflecting potentially modifiable social cognitive theory-based risk indicators associated with homeless populations' oral health. The scales are referred to as the social cognitive theory risk scales in an oral health context (SCTOH) and are referred to as SCTOH(SE), SCTOH(K) and SCTOH(F), respectively.

Methods: The three SCTOH scales assess the key constructs of social cognitive theory: self-efficacy, knowledge and fatalism.

Tight junction defects are seen in the buccal mucosa of patients receiving standard dose chemotherapy for cancer.

Purpose: Oral mucositis is one of the most common and debilitating side effects of chemotherapy treatment. Patients are often unable to eat and drink, which can lead to poor clinical outcomes and extensive resource utilisation. The primary aim of this study was to determine the molecular integrity of oral epithelial tight junctions in patients undergoing chemotherapy.

A screening model for oral cancer using risk scores: development and validation.

Objective: A study was conducted to develop and validate a screening model using risk scores to identify individuals at high risk for developing oral cancer in an Indian population.

Methods: Life-course data collected from a multicentre case-control study in India were used. Interview was conducted to collect information on predictors limited to the time before the onset of symptoms or cancer diagnosis.

Estimating the effect of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage on oral cancer in India using marginal structural models.

Background: Early life socioeconomic disadvantage could affect adult health directly or indirectly. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies of the direct effect of early life socioeconomic conditions on oral cancer occurrence in adult life.

Methods: We conducted a multicenter, hospital-based, case-control study in India between 2011 and 2012 on 180 histopathologically confirmed incident oral and/or oropharyngeal cancer cases, aged 18 years or more, and 272 controls that included hospital visitors, who were not diagnosed with any cancer in the same hospitals.

Toll-like receptor 4 signaling: a common biological mechanism of regimen-related toxicities: an emerging hypothesis for neuropathy and gastrointestinal toxicity.

Regimen-related toxicities remain a priority concern within the field of supportive care in cancer. Despite this, many forms of toxicity are under reported and consequently poorly characterised. Although there have been significant improvements in our understanding of regimen-related toxicities, symptom management continues to occur independently raising concerns such as drug interactions and the tendency to emphasise management of a single symptom at the expense of others.

Predictive model for risk of severe gastrointestinal toxicity following chemotherapy using patient immune genetics and type of cancer: a pilot study.

Purpose: Severe chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity (CIGT) is common and results in treatment delays, dose reductions, and potential premature treatment discontinuation. Currently, there is no diagnostic marker to predict CIGT. Proinflammatory cytokines, produced via toll-like receptor signaling, are key mediators of this toxicity.