Enabling Data Discovery with the Astrobiology Resource Metadata Standard.

As scientific investigations increasingly adopt Open Science practices, reuse of data becomes paramount. However, despite decades of progress in internet search tools, finding relevant astrobiology datasets for an envisioned investigation remains challenging due to the precise and atypical needs of the astrobiology researcher. In response, we have developed the Astrobiology Resource Metadata Standard (ARMS), a metadata standard designed to uniformly describe astrobiology "resources," that is, virtually any product of astrobiology research.

Skin diseases associated with Agent Orange and other organochlorine exposures.

Organochlorine exposure is an important cause of cutaneous and systemic toxicity. Exposure has been associated with industrial accidents, intentional poisoning, and the use of defoliants, such as Agent Orange in the Vietnam War. Although long-term health effects are systematically reviewed by the Institute of Medicine, skin diseases are not comprehensively assessed.

The neuroprotective properties of the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol correlate with its ability to reduce pathological glutamate release in a rodent model of stroke.

The contribution of oxidative stress to ischemic brain damage is well established. Nevertheless, for unknown reasons, several clinically tested antioxidant therapies have failed to show benefits in human stroke. Based on our previous in vitro work, we hypothesized that the neuroprotective potency of antioxidants is related to their ability to limit the release of the excitotoxic amino acids glutamate and aspartate.

Case of metastatic basal cell carcinoma to bone marrow, resulting in myelophthisic anemia.

Background: While basal cell carcinoma (BCC) remains the most common skin cancer, the incidence of metastasis is rare. Most cases of metastatic BCC have been to regional lymph nodes. Metastasis to bone marrow with myelophthisic anemia is especially rare.

Hypo-osmotic swelling modifies glutamate-glutamine cycle in the cerebral cortex and in astrocyte cultures.

In our previous work, we found that perfusion of the rat cerebral cortex with hypo-osmotic medium triggers massive release of the excitatory amino acid L-glutamate but decreases extracellular levels of L-glutamine (R. E. Haskew-Layton et al.

Reduction of diffusion broadening in flow by analysis of time-gated single-molecule data.

We describe the application of Extreme Value Statistics to the analysis of discrete species that possess distinguishable properties (fluorescence wavelength, fluorescence intensity, light scattering, etc.) as they cross a well-defined observation/probe region. Time-gated selection and extreme value data analysis result in increased resolution in analytical determinations.

Modulation of reactive oxygen species by Rac1 or catalase prevents asbestos-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines by alveolar macrophages has been demonstrated in asbestos-induced pulmonary fibrosis, but the mechanism linking alveolar macrophages to the pathogenesis is not known. The GTPase Rac1 is a second messenger that plays an important role in host defense. In this study, we demonstrate that Rac1 null mice are protected from asbestos-induced pulmonary fibrosis, as determined by histological and biochemical analysis.

Clinician and revolutionary: Frantz Fanon, biography, and the history of colonial medicine.

Although scholars have exhibited close interest in the life and work of Frantz Fanon, few have emphasized his work as a psychiatrist. This essay surveys recent books and films that have placed Fanon's clinical experience at the center of his life's work. It concludes that historians of colonial medicine have much to gain from these works and their reexaminations of a controversial figure.

Increasing the resolution of single pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements in solution via molecular cytometry.

We report a method to increase the resolution of single pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer (spFRET) measurements in aqueous solutions. Solution-based spFRET measurements of fluorescently labeled biological molecules (proteins, RNA, DNA) are often used to obtain histograms of molecular conformation without resorting to sample immobilization. However, for solution-phase spFRET studies, the number of photons detected from a single molecule as it diffuses through an open confocal volume element are quite limited.

Pinel in the Maghreb: liberation, confinement, and psychiatric reform in French North Africa.

For early twentieth century French psychiatrists, the colonies of Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco appeared as crucial sites for innovation. Citing Pinel's liberation of the insane during the French Revolution as a precedent, colonial psychiatrists preached of their capacity to advance France's "civilizing mission" by delivering the insane from their suffering. Yet colonial renovation programs also drew them to scrutinize the failings of their own common practices.

Soldier peer mentoring care and support: bringing psychological awareness to the front.

Since the Persian Gulf War of 1990-1991, the operational tempo for soldiers has steadily increased, whereas the numbers of soldiers available to fulfill these missions has decreased. As a result, soldiers and their families are experiencing increased levels of stress that continue to manifest in ways that can often be destructive for the soldiers, their families, and the Army community. Current mitigation and identification support systems such as the Chain of Command, noncommissioned officer leadership, chaplains, and family support systems have all provided critical services, but may not be expected to optimally perform necessary early risk management assessment.

Regional expression of constitutive and inducible transcription factors following transient focal ischemia in the neonatal rat: influence of hypothermia.

Ischemia is a potent modulator of gene expression. Differential expression of transcription factors after focal ischemia may reflect the potential for neuronal recovery in peri-ischemic regions. Previously, we demonstrated that hypothermia reduces the volume of damage in a model of neonatal focal ischemia.

Fingerprinting of single viral genomes.

We demonstrate the use of technology developed for optical mapping to acquire DNA fingerprints from single genomes for the purpose of discrimination and identification of bacteria and viruses. Single genome fingerprinting (SGF) provides not only the size but also the order of the restriction fragments, which adds another dimension to the information that can be used for discrimination. Analysis of single organisms may eliminate the need to culture cells and thereby significantly reduce analysis time.

Exonuclease I hydrolyzes DNA with a distribution of rates.

We report heterogeneity in the time necessary for Exonuclease I to hydrolyze identical DNA fragments. A real-time fluorescence method measured the time required by molecules of Exonuclease I to hydrolyze single-stranded DNA that was synthesized to have two fluorescently labeled nucleotides. One fluorescently labeled nucleotide was located near the 3' end of the DNA and the other near the 5' end.

Statistics of single-molecule measurements: applications in flow-cytometry sizing of DNA fragments.

Background: The measurement of physical properties from single molecules has been demonstrated. However, the majority of single-molecule studies report values based on relatively large data sets (e.g.

Superficial acral fibromyxoma of the index finger.

We describe a patient with a superficial acral fibromyxoma, the first such case in the dermatology literature, and review its clinical and histopathologic characteristics.

Protective effects of brief intra- and delayed postischemic hypothermia in a transient focal ischemia model in the neonatal rat.

Hypothermia provides neuroprotection in virtually all animal models of ischemia, including adult stroke models and the neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) model. In these studies, brief periods of hypothermia are examined in a neonatal model employing transient focal ischemia in a 7-day-old rat pup. Pups underwent permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion coupled with a temporary (1 h) occlusion of the ipsilateral common carotid artery (CCA).

Progress towards single-molecule DNA sequencing: a one color demonstration.

Single molecules of fluorescently labeled nucleotides were detected during the cleavage of individual DNA fragments by a processive exonuclease. In these experiments, multiple (10-100) strands of DNA with tetramethyl rhodamine labeled dUMP (TMR-dUMP) incorporated into the sequence were anchored in flow upstream of the detection region of an ultra sensitive flow cytometer. A dilute solution of Exonuclease I passed over the microspheres.

Long-term manipulations of intact microbial mat communities in a greenhouse collaboratory: simulating earth's present and past field environments.

Photosynthetic microbial mat communities were obtained from marine hypersaline saltern ponds, maintained in a greenhouse facility, and examined for the effects of salinity variations. Because these microbial mats are considered to be useful analogs of ancient marine communities, they offer insights about evolutionary events during the >3 billion year time interval wherein mats co-evolved with Earth's lithosphere and atmosphere. Although photosynthetic mats can be highly dynamic and exhibit extremely high activity, the mats in the present study have been maintained for >1 year with relatively minor changes.

Children and adolescents with eating disorders: the state of the art.

Background: Eating disorders in children and adolescents remain a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in children, adolescents, and young adults. The working knowledge of pathophysiology, recognition, and management of eating disorders continues to evolve as research in this field continues.

Objectives: This article builds on previous background and position papers outlining issues relevant to the care of the adolescent patient with an eating disorder.

Handling human remains following the terrorist attack on the Pentagon: experiences of 10 uniformed health care workers.

Even though little is known about the psychological effects of handling human remains during disaster situations, it is often presumed that health care workers are immune from such stressful emotional reactions. We present the observations and experiences of 10 uniformed health care workers who conducted body recovery operations in the aftermath of the terrorist attack on the Pentagon. Their experiences, although not under empirical study, reflect a wide variety of emotional reactions and coping strategies.