Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter recovered from laying hens, their environment and products in Canada indicated a stable level of resistance to critically important antimicrobials, in varying time periods between 2007 and 2021.

The study objective was to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) attributes of select foodborne bacteria recovered from egg-producing (layer) chickens between 2007 and 2021 using different sample matrices (Study 1: liquid whole eggs, Study 2: spent hen cecal samples, Study 3: environmental sponge swabs and fecal samples from layer chicken barns, and Study 4: fecal samples from layer chicken barns). Samples from each study were submitted for the culture of Escherichia coli and Salmonella. In addition, samples from layer chicken barns were submitted for the culture of Campylobacter.

A scoping review of factors associated with antimicrobial-resistant species infections in humans.

Human infection with antimicrobial-resistant species is an important public health concern due to the potentially increased severity of illness and risk of death. Our objective was to synthesise the knowledge of factors associated with human infections with antimicrobial-resistant strains of This scoping review followed systematic methods, including a protocol developed Comprehensive literature searches were developed in consultation with a research librarian and performed in five primary and three grey literature databases. Criteria for inclusion were analytical and English-language publications investigating human infections with an antimicrobial-resistant (macrolides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and/or quinolones) that reported factors potentially linked with the infection.

Factors associated with antimicrobial resistant enterococci in Canadian beef cattle: A scoping review.

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health concern, occurring when bacteria evolve to render antimicrobials no longer effective. Antimicrobials have important roles in beef production; however, the potential to introduce AMR to people through beef products is a concern. This scoping review identifies factors associated with changes in the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant spp.

Overview of Canada's Antimicrobial Resistance Network (AMRNet): A data-driven One Health approach to antimicrobial resistance surveillance.

The Antimicrobial Resistance Network (AMRNet) is a laboratory-based antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance system under development at the Public Health Agency of Canada's (PHAC's) National Microbiology Laboratory. The AMRNet surveillance system captures information on antimicrobial susceptibility testing from clinical and veterinary laboratories including both public and private facilities. In the future, the AMRNet system will also capture relevant data from existing PHAC surveillance systems for AMR including the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program and the Enhanced Surveillance of Antimicrobial-Resistant Gonorrhea program, and contribute to the Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System.

A One Health Genomic Investigation of Gentamicin Resistance in Escherichia coli from Human and Chicken Sources in Canada, 2014 to 2017.

We investigated whether gentamicin resistance (Gen) in Escherichia coli isolates from human infections was related to Gen E. coli in chicken and whether resistance may be due to coselection from use of lincomycin-spectinomycin in chickens on farms. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 483 Gen E.

Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment: Towards Elucidating the Roles of Bioaerosols in Transmission and Detection of Antibacterial Resistance Genes.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is continuing to grow across the world. Though often thought of as a mostly public health issue, AMR is also a major agricultural and environmental problem. As such, many researchers refer to it as the preeminent One Health issue.

A scoping review of factors potentially linked with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from turkeys (iAM.AMR Project).

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex problem that is a threat to global public health. Consumption of turkey meat may be an important source of foodborne exposure to resistant bacteria; recent outbreaks of multi-drug-resistant Reading in Canada and the USA have implicated raw turkey products. To better understand the epidemiology of AMR in farmed turkey production, a scoping review was conducted.

One Health Genomic Analysis of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase‒Producing Salmonella enterica, Canada, 2012‒2016.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) confer resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, a major class of clinical antimicrobial drugs. We used genomic analysis to investigate whether domestic food animals, retail meat, and pets were reservoirs of ESBL-producing Salmonella for human infection in Canada. Of 30,303 Salmonella isolates tested during 2012-2016, we detected 95 ESBL producers.

Antimicrobial use in lactating sows, piglets, nursery, and grower-finisher pigs on swine farms in Ontario, Canada during 2017 and 2018.

Background: Data on antimicrobial use (AMU) in pig production are needed for the development of good antimicrobial stewardship practices to reduce the risk of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria that can cause illness in animals and humans. In Canada, there is a lack of quantitative data on AMU in the farrowing and nursery stages of pig production. This study aimed to determine which antimicrobial active ingredients are currently used in farrowing, nursery, and grower-finisher herds in the province of Ontario, Canada, and to quantify AMU using various metrics.

Using whole-genome sequence data to examine the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli from wild meso-mammals and environmental sources on swine farms, conservation areas, and the Grand River watershed in southern Ontario, Canada.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the health of humans and animals and has repeatedly been detected in wild animal species across the world. This cross-sectional study integrates whole-genome sequence data from Escherichia coli isolates with demonstrated phenotypic resistance that originated from a previous longitudinal wildlife study in southern Ontario, as well as phenotypically resistant E. coli water isolates previously collected as part of a public health surveillance program.

A Clostridioides difficile surveillance study of Canadian retail meat samples from 2016-2018.

In this study, we isolated and molecularly characterized 10 (1.6%) C. difficile isolates from 644 commercially available raw meat samples.

Rural Raccoons () Not Likely to Be a Major Driver of Antimicrobial Resistant Human Cases in Southern Ontario, Canada: A One Health Epidemiological Assessment Using Whole-Genome Sequence Data.

Non-typhoidal infections represent a substantial burden of illness in humans, and the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among these infections is a growing concern. Using a combination of isolate short-read whole-genome sequence data from select human cases, raccoons, livestock and environmental sources, and an epidemiological framework, our objective was to determine if there was evidence for potential transmission of and associated antimicrobial resistance determinants between these different sources in the Grand River watershed in Ontario, Canada. Logistic regression models were used to assess the potential associations between source type and the presence of select resistance genes and plasmid incompatibility types.

Correlation between Phenotypic and In Silico Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance in in Canada Using Staramr.

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of supports both molecular typing and detection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Here, we evaluated the correlation between phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and in silico prediction of AMR from WGS in ( = 1321) isolated from human infections in Canada. Phenotypic AMR results from broth microdilution testing were used as the gold standard.

Using whole-genome sequence data to examine the epidemiology of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and associated antimicrobial resistance in raccoons (Procyon lotor), swine manure pits, and soil samples on swine farms in southern Ontario, Canada.

To better understand the contribution of wildlife to the dissemination of Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella and Escherichia coli, we examined whole-genome sequence data from Salmonella and E. coli isolates collected from raccoons (Procyon lotor) and environmental sources on farms in southern Ontario. All Salmonella and phenotypically resistant E.

A One-Health Genomic Investigation of Gentamicin Resistance in Salmonella from Human and Chicken Sources in Canada, 2014 to 2017.

We investigated whether the increased prevalence of gentamicin resistance in Salmonella from human infections was related to a similar increased prevalence in isolates from broiler chickens and whether this increase may have been due to coselection from use of lincomycin-spectinomycin in chickens on farms. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on gentamicin-resistant (Gen) Salmonella isolates from human and chicken sources collected from 2014 to 2017 by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS). We determined the genomic relatedness of strains and characterized resistance genes and plasmids.

Evaluation of selective media in antimicrobial surveillance programs capturing broad-spectrum β-lactamase producing from chickens at slaughter.

Antimicrobial resistance surveillance targeting agricultural animals is practiced in many countries but does not often include media selective for cephalosporin resistance. Here, we compared the frequency of recovery of resistant using selective and non-selective media from the cecal contents of 116 chickens collected by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS). Third generation cephalosporin resistance was detected in 24 samples including 12, 10, and 2 on selective, non-selective, and both media, respectively.

Choosing which metrics to use when reporting antimicrobial use information to veterinarians in the Canadian swine industry.

The objective of this study was to evaluate preferences for various metrics and denominators among Canadian swine veterinarians, in order to improve reporting of antimicrobial use (AMU) information to these stakeholders and to facilitate enhanced stewardship decisions. An online survey was made available to swine veterinarians across Canada; 12 responses (estimated response rate 17.6%) were submitted and analyzed.

Antimicrobial resistance and recovery of , and from chicken egg layer flocks in Canadian sentinel surveillance sites using 2 types of sample matrices.

Eggs are important to the diet of Canadians. This product is one of the supply-managed commodities in Canada, but unlike other commodities, where food safety risks are extensively explored and reported, information on the prevalence of enteric organisms (e.g.

Antimicrobial Use Indices-The Value of Reporting Antimicrobial Use in Multiple Ways Using Data From Canadian Broiler Chicken and Turkey Farms.

We have previously described the importance of using multiple indicators for reporting national farm-level antimicrobial use (AMU) information, but the distribution of flock-level AMU and how these indicators relate to each other has not yet been fully explored. Using farm-level surveillance data (2013-2019), for broiler chickens ( = 947 flocks) and turkeys ( = 427), this study aims to (1) characterize flock-level AMU and identify high users, (2) identify appropriate AMU indicators and biomass denominator [population correction unit (PCU) vs. kg weight at pre-slaughter], and (3) make recommendations on the application to veterinarian-producer and national-level reporting.

A farm-to-fork quantitative risk assessment model for Salmonella Heidelberg resistant to third-generation cephalosporins in broiler chickens in Canada.

Salmonella Heidelberg resistant to ceftiofur (a third-generation cephalosporin antimicrobial agent) in broiler chicken products pose a risk to public health in Canada. The objective of this study was to assess the extent of that risk and to evaluate the effect of intervention measures along the agri-food chain. A stochastic farm-to-fork quantitative microbial risk assessment model was developed following the Codex Alimentarius Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance.

A within-flock model of Salmonella Heidelberg transmission in broiler chickens.

As part of the development of a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model of third-generation cephalosporins (3GC)-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg, a compartmental (SEIR) model for S. Heidelberg transmission within a typical Canadian commercial broiler chicken flock was developed. The model was constructed to estimate the within-flock prevalence and the bacterial concentration in the barn environment at pre-harvest, and to assess the effect of selected control measures.

Genomic Epidemiology of Major Extraintestinal Pathogenic Lineages Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Young Women Across Canada.

Background: A few extraintestinal pathogenic (ExPEC) multilocus sequence types (STs) cause the majority of community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs). We examine the genomic epidemiology of major ExPEC lineages, specifically factors associated with intestinal acquisition.

Methods: A total of 385 women with UTI caused by across Canada were asked about their diet, travel, and other exposures.

Antimicrobial Resistance of Human Species Infections in Saskatchewan, Canada (1999-2006): A Historical Provincial Collection of All Reported Cases.

To describe a historical baseline of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles for human clinical species isolates obtained by laboratory surveillance in the province of Saskatchewan from 1999 to 2006; to determine if there were differences in resistance between and ; and to determine if there were changes in the annual resistance levels in the two species. One thousand three hundred seventy-eight isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the E-test method. Annual resistance levels in and were compared using logistic regression models.