The role of the Southern Ocean in the global climate response to carbon emissions.

The effect of the Southern Ocean on global climate change is assessed using Earth system model projections following an idealized 1% annual rise in atmospheric CO. For this scenario, the Southern Ocean plays a significant role in sequestering heat and anthropogenic carbon, accounting for 40% ± 5% of heat uptake and 44% ± 2% of anthropogenic carbon uptake over the global ocean (with the Southern Ocean defined as south of 36°S). This Southern Ocean fraction of global heat uptake is however less than in historical scenarios with marked hemispheric contrasts in radiative forcing.

Energy budget diagnosis of changing climate feedback.

The climate feedback determines how Earth's climate responds to anthropogenic forcing. It is thought to have been more negative in recent decades due to a sea surface temperature "pattern effect," whereby warming is concentrated in the western tropical Pacific, where nonlocal radiative feedbacks are very negative. This phenomenon has however primarily been studied within climate models.

A nutrient relay sustains subtropical ocean productivity.

The expansive gyres of the subtropical ocean account for a significant fraction of global organic carbon export from the upper ocean. In the gyre interior, vertical mixing and the heaving of nutrient-rich waters into the euphotic layer sustain local productivity, in turn depleting the layers below. However, the nutrient pathways by which these subeuphotic layers are themselves replenished remain unclear.

The spatial pattern and mechanisms of heat-content change in the North Atlantic.

The total heat gained by the North Atlantic Ocean over the past 50 years is equivalent to a basinwide increase in the flux of heat across the ocean surface of 0.4 +/- 0.05 watts per square meter.

Capillary haemangioma of the nasal cavity in a 7-week-old baby--successful treatment using intralesional steroid injection.

A case of a seven-week-old baby who presented with a capillary haemangioma of the nasal cavity is presented. We describe a novel treatment modality and provide a literature review of head and neck capillary haemangioma in the paediatric population. Capillary haemangioma of the nasal cavity and our treatment option has not previously been described in the literature at such an early age.