Deconstructing the heterogeneity of alcohol use disorder: lifetime comorbid non-alcohol substance use disorder as a distinct behavioral phenotype?

Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is an etiologically and clinically heterogeneous condition. Accumulating evidence suggests that persons with lifetime histories of comorbid AUD and non-alcohol substance use disorder (DRUG) constitute an important subgroup of AUD. This study evaluated the distinctiveness of the comorbid AUD/DRUG behavioral phenotype in a community sample with respect to risk factors, AUD course features, and outcome variables assessed at age 30.

Meteorology and British film studios: an article of the London fog.

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Family-Based Predictors of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) Recurrence and New Non-Alcohol Substance Use Disorder Onset Following Initial AUD Recovery.

Objective: Knowledge of factors that predict alcohol use disorder (AUD) recurrence or the subsequent switching to a different substance use disorder (SUD) after initial AUD recovery is especially crucial for preventive efforts that seek to alter life courses dominated by problematic substance use. This study evaluated whether the proportions (or densities) of first-degree relatives with AUD and non-alcohol substance use disorder (NASUD) histories predicted AUD recurrence or a new NASUD onset in a family member (i.e.

Are Parental Alcohol Use Disorder Histories Associated With Offspring Behavior Problems at Age 2?

Objective: Studies of clinical and high-risk samples have demonstrated associations between parental alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and offspring's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems during adolescence and early adulthood. It remains unclear, however, whether associations between parental AUD histories and offspring behavior problems are evident among very young offspring who were not directly exposed to a parent who experienced an active AUD episode during the child's lifetime. The present study sought to evaluate internalizing and externalizing behavior problems among young children as a function of paternal and maternal AUD histories and associated clinical features.

The number of biological parents with alcohol use disorder histories and risk to offspring through age 30.

Objective: We investigated associations between the number of parents with histories of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and several offspring (proband) variables through age 30: occurrence of AUD and, separately, alcohol dependence; onset age of the initial AUD episode; time to recovery from the first AUD episode; number of distinct AUD episodes; and cumulative duration of AUD across episodes.

Methods: Offspring data were collected during four assessment waves of a longitudinal epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders with a regionally representative sample. The reference sample included 730 offspring with diagnostic data from at least one parent.

Family Aggregation of Substance Use Disorders: Substance Specific, Nonspecific, and Intrafamilial Sources of Risk.

Objective: The primary aim of this investigation was to evaluate substance-specific and nonspecific associations between parental and sibling histories of alcohol, cannabis, amphetamine, and hallucinogen use disorders with proband risk for these conditions. A second aim was to evaluate whether the specificity of substance use disorder (SUD) risk to probands varied by family member (i.e.

Prevalence, incidence, recovery, and recurrence of alcohol use disorders from childhood to age 30.

Background: Little is known about the course of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in representative samples during high-risk periods of adolescence and early adulthood. The primary objective of this research is to describe the prevalence and course of initial AUD episodes experienced between childhood and age 30 in a regionally representative cohort sample.

Methods: Study data are from an epidemiological study of 816 youth.

Clinical features associated with an increased risk for alcohol use disorders among family members.

This study evaluated the risk for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) among first-degree relatives depending on whether a specific family member (proband) had an AUD history. For probands with AUD histories, we also evaluated whether certain clinical features were associated with higher rates of AUDs in family members as a means for identifying markers that signify a more familial form of AUD. The proband sample was recruited from high schools in Western Oregon communities at Age 16 and followed longitudinally until Age 30.

No Reliable Evidence That Emotional Disorders Are Proximal Antecedents, Concomitants, or Short-Term Consequences of First Episode Alcohol Use Disorders in a Representative Community Sample.

Objective: Emotional disorders and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) frequently demonstrate significant 12-month and lifetime comorbid associations. This comorbidity has been incorporated into influential theories of addiction processes that posit direct or indirect causal associations between these disorder categories. There is currently no consensus, however, about the sequencing of these disorders.

Trajectories of cannabis use disorder: risk factors, clinical characteristics and outcomes.

Aims: To estimate cannabis use disorder (CUD) trajectory classes from ages 14 to 30 years and compare classes on clinical characteristics, risk factors and psychosocial outcomes.

Design: Four waves (T1-T4) of data from an epidemiological study of psychopathology among a regionally representative sample. Trajectory classes described risk for CUD as a function of age.

Internalizing and externalizing disorders as predictors of alcohol use disorder onset during three developmental periods.

Background: The developmental pathways associated with an enhanced risk for future alcohol use disorders (AUDs) continue to be a topic of both interest and debate. In this research, internalizing and externalizing disorders were evaluated as prospective predictors of the index AUD episode onset, separately within three developmental periods: early-to-middle adolescence (age 13.0-17.

Association of comorbid psychopathology with the duration of cannabis use disorders.

Risk factors for the development of cannabis use disorders (CUDs) have been well-researched. Comparatively little is known, however, about factors associated with the persistence of CUDs over time. This research explored whether the temporal sequencing of comorbid psychiatric disorders in relation to the onset of the index CUD episode were associated with the length of this episode.

Internalizing and externalizing psychopathology as predictors of cannabis use disorder onset during adolescence and early adulthood.

Risk-related liabilities associated with the development of cannabis use disorders (CUDs) during adolescence and early adulthood are thought to be established well before the emergence of the index episode. In this study, internalizing and externalizing psychopathology from earlier developmental periods were evaluated as risk factors for CUDs during adolescence and early adulthood. Participants (N = 816) completed 4 diagnostic assessments between the ages 16 and 30, during which current and past CUDs were assessed as well as a full range of psychiatric disorders associated with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology domains.

Parental transmission of risk for cannabis use disorders to offspring.

Aims: We investigated the risk of cannabis use disorder (CUD) among probands as a function of parental psychopathology and explored parent-offspring gender concordance as a mechanism of parental CUD transmission to offspring.

Design: Four waves of data collection from a longitudinal epidemiological study of psychopathology among a regionally representative sample.

Setting: Participants were selected randomly from western Oregon, USA, and were initially assessed during mid-adolescence.

Comorbidity and temporal relations of alcohol and cannabis use disorders from youth through adulthood.

Background: Alcohol and cannabis are among the most widely used and abused drugs in industrialized societies. Investigations of patterns in comorbidity and temporal sequencing between alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and cannabis use disorders (CUDs) from childhood to adulthood are important for understanding the etiologies of these disorders.

Methods: The sample comprised 816 individuals (59% male, 89% white).

The impact of acquiescence on the evaluation of personality structure.

Acquiescence, or the tendency to respond to descriptions of conceptually distinct personality attributes with agreement/affirmation (acceptance acquiescence) or disagreement/opposition (counter-acquiescence), has been widely recognized as a source of bias that can substantially alter interitem correlations within scales. Acquiescence is also known to operate differently among some groups of persons; it is, for example, more pronounced among individuals with less formal education. Consequently, the biasing effects of acquiescence are of particular concern when the dimensionality underlying the item set of a measure is examined with representative samples comprised of persons with varying levels of educational attainment and evaluated with correlation-based statistical methods such as factor analysis.

Does hormone replacement therapy (HRT) cause breast cancer? An application of causal principles to three studies.

Background: Based principally on findings in three studies, the Collaborative Reanalysis (CR), the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), and the Million Women Study, it is claimed that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is an established cause of breast cancer. The authors have previously reviewed those studies (Parts 1-4). The WHI findings were first published in 2002, following which the use of HRT rapidly declined.

Aggregation of lifetime Axis I psychiatric disorders through age 30: incidence, predictors, and associated psychosocial outcomes.

Longitudinal data from representative birth cohorts on the aggregation of psychiatric disorders, or the cumulative number of unique diagnosed disorders experienced by persons within a circumscribed period, are limited. As a consequence, risk factors for and psychosocial implications of lifetime disorder aggregation in the general population remain largely unknown. This research evaluates the incidence, predictors, and psychosocial sequela of lifetime disorder aggregation from childhood through age 30.

Hierarchical organization of axis I psychiatric disorder comorbidity through age 30.

Hierarchical models of psychopathology based on substantial numbers of lifetime diagnostic categories have not been sufficiently evaluated, even though such models have relevance for theories of disorder etiology, course, or prognosis. In this research, a hierarchical component model of 16 Axis I disorders is derived, and model elements are evaluated in terms of their ability to demonstrate distinct associations with several clinically-relevant variables. Participants were 816 randomly selected adolescents from the community who were repeatedly assessed for psychiatric disorders and associated risk and protective factors over a 14-year period.