Publications by authors named "Richard Carr"

Background: We examined de-functionalization and temporal functional recovery of C-nociceptor evoked pain after topical 8% capsaicin applied for 4 consecutive days.

Methods: Capsaicin and placebo patches were applied to human forearm skin (n = 14). Cold, warmth and heat pain thresholds, pain NRS to electrical and thermal (48°C, 5 s) stimuli and axon reflex flare were recorded weekly for 49 days.

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The majority of somatosensory DRG neurons express GABAA receptors (GABAAR) and depolarise in response to its activation based on the high intracellular chloride concentration maintained by the Na-K-Cl cotransporter type 1 (NKCC1). The translation of this response to peripheral nerve terminals in people is so far unclear. We show here that GABA (EC50 = 16.

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Synapses are implicated in many neuropsychiatric illnesses. Here, we provide an overview of in vivo techniques to index synaptic markers in patients. Several positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 A (SV2A) show good reliability and selectivity.

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Background: The degree of physiological responses to individual antipsychotic drugs is unclear in children and adolescents. With network meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the effects of various antipsychotic medications on physiological variables in children and adolescents with neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions.

Methods: For this network meta-analysis, we searched Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus from database inception until Dec 22, 2023, and included randomised controlled trials comparing antipsychotics with placebo in children or adolescents younger than 18 years with any neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental condition.

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Background/aim: Oxaliplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapy used in the treatment of colorectal cancer, induces acute neurotoxicity following infusion. The aim of this study was to establish whether alterations in axonal excitability develop progressively with higher cumulative doses and whether there is a recovery in motor axons after each cycle of treatment.

Patients And Methods: Twenty consecutive patients with a colorectal cancer diagnosis, referred from the Oncology Department of Aretaieion Hospital of Athens, were enrolled in this study between October 2018 and May 2019.

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Article Synopsis
  • Cutaneous follicular squamous cell carcinoma (FSCC) is a newly recognized skin cancer which has been reported in the largest series of cases to date, providing insights into its diagnosis and management.
  • From 2004 to 2011, 103 cases were analyzed, revealing patterns in tumor characteristics, common misdiagnoses, and patient demographics, particularly in older men with a median age of 78.5 years.
  • The study found that while many lesions were suspected to be other forms of skin cancer like basal cell carcinoma, FSCC displayed unique features, with a low recurrence rate and no reported metastasis for tumors with well-defined borders, emphasizing its importance in clinical evaluation.
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(1) Background: Postdural puncture headache (PDPH) remains a serious complication in obstetric patients. While the epidural blood patch represents the current gold standard in therapy, a growing number of alternative measures are thought to be beneficial for clinical management. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze the efficacy of intranasal lidocaine administration to treat PDPH in obstetrics at our university hospital; (2) Methods: A retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients with PDPH has been performed focusing on the techniques of administration, dosing, treatment duration, impact on pain intensity as well as side effects of intranasal lidocaine; (3) Results: During the study period, 5610 obstetric patients received neuraxial anesthesia, of whom 43 (0.

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Aims: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) confers a variety of metabolic benefits in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors on GIP levels in T2DM patients.

Methods: Medline (PubMed), CENTER (Cochrane Library), and Embase (Ovid) were searched and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the impact of DPP4 inhibitors on fasting and postprandial GIP levels were obtained.

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Keratoacanthoma (KA) is widely considered a benign, usually self-resolving, neoplasm distinct from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), while some consider KA to be indistinguishable from cSCC. Published studies indicate utility for p16, p53, Ki-67 immunostaining and elastic van Gieson (EVG) in the assessment of KA and cSCC. We compared clinical features and staining patterns for p16, p53, Ki-67 and EVG in fully excised KA, cSCC with KA-like features (cSCC-KAL) and other cSCC (cSCC-OTHER).

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Article Synopsis
  • A retrospective study of 45 patients with isolated mandibular angle fractures (MAF) found a low complication rate of 11.1% and a reoperation rate of 1.8%.
  • Smoking was significantly linked to complications.
  • Overall, the complication rates at the National Maxillofacial Unit are comparable to or better than those reported in other international studies.
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Low-frequency sinusoidal current applied to human skin evokes local axon reflex flare and burning pain, indicative of C-fibre activation. Because topical cooling works well as a local analgesic, we examined the effect of cooling on human pain ratings to sinusoidal and rectangular profiles of constant current stimulation. Unexpectedly, pain ratings increased upon cooling the skin from 32 to 18°C.

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Classically, to electrically excite C-nociceptors, rectangular pulses are used with a duration close to the estimated chronaxie of C-fibres (about 2 ms). Recent results using slow depolarizing stimuli suggest longer chronaxies. We therefore set out to optimize C-fiber stimulation based on recordings of single C-nociceptors in-vivo and C-fiber compound-action-potentials (C-CAP) ex-vivo using half-sine shaped stimuli of durations between 1 and 250ms.

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Importance: A standardized pathology classification system for melanocytic lesions is needed to aid both pathologists and clinicians in cataloging currently existing diverse terminologies and in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. The Melanocytic Pathology Assessment Tool and Hierarchy for Diagnosis (MPATH-Dx) has been developed for this purpose.

Objective: To revise the MPATH-Dx version 1.

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Aims: Hyperglucagonemia occurs in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this meta-analysis, we summarized the effects of DPP4 inhibitors on glucagon levels in patients with T2DM.

Materials And Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the influence of DPP4 inhibitors on circulating glucagon levels with placebo or other oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in patients with T2DM were identified by searches of Medline (PubMed), Embase (Ovid), and CENTER (Cochrane Library).

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Objective: The influence of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors on glycemic variability compared to other oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs), measured based on the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), has not been comprehensively analyzed. The aim of the study was to perform a meta-analysis to compare the effects of DPP4 inhibitors on MAGE with other OADs in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without concurrent insulin treatments.

Methods: The Medline (PubMed), Embase (Ovid), and CENTER (Cochrane Library) databases were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

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Hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli is a cardinal symptom of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. A reduction in spinal inhibition is generally considered a causal factor in the development of mechanical hypersensitivity after injury. However, the extent to which presynaptic inhibition contributes to altered spinal inhibition is less well established.

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TRPM3 is a calcium-permeable cation channel expressed in a range of sensory neurons that can be activated by heat and the endogenous steroid pregnenolone sulfate (PS). During inflammation, the expression and function of TRPM3 are both augmented in somatosensory nociceptors. However, in isolated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons application of inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and bradykinin (BK) inhibit TRPM3.

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The 7th Cardiovascular Outcome Trial (CVOT) Summit on Cardiovascular, Renal, and Glycemic Outcomes, was held virtually on November 18-19, 2021. Pursuing the tradition of the previous summits, this reference congress served as a platform for in-depth discussion and exchange on recently completed CVOTs. This year's focus was placed on the outcomes of EMPEROR-Preserved, FIGARO-DKD, AMPLITUDE-O, SURPASS 1-5, and STEP 1-5.

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Introduction: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment with demonstrated weight loss benefits in clinical trials. However, the extent to which real-world patients with T2DM achieve clinically meaningful weight loss (≥5%) has not been well characterized. Analysis of real-world data suggests adherence to injectable GLP-1 RAs is suboptimal and discontinuation following the first year of therapy is poorly characterized.

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The spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (SpVc) in the mammalian brainstem serves a pivotal function in pain processing. As the main relay center for nociceptive signals, SpVc conducts pain-related signals from various regions of the head toward higher levels of central processing such as the thalamus. SpVc also receives modulatory signals from other brain areas, which can alleviate the perception of headache.

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Background: Multiple studies have compared the performance of artificial intelligence (AI)-based models for automated skin cancer classification to human experts, thus setting the cornerstone for a successful translation of AI-based tools into clinicopathological practice.

Objective: The objective of the study was to systematically analyse the current state of research on reader studies involving melanoma and to assess their potential clinical relevance by evaluating three main aspects: test set characteristics (holdout/out-of-distribution data set, composition), test setting (experimental/clinical, inclusion of metadata) and representativeness of participating clinicians.

Methods: PubMed, Medline and ScienceDirect were screened for peer-reviewed studies published between 2017 and 2021 and dealing with AI-based skin cancer classification involving melanoma.

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