Bilateral lipid keratopathy with rheumatic fever in siblings.

Purpose: To report two unusual cases of lipid keratopathy in siblings with rheumatic fever and positive anti-phospholipid antibodies.

Methods: Clinical and histopathological examination along with complete systemic work-up was done after taking appropriate consent from the patients. A serum lipid profile showed elevated cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins.

Treatment options for thyroid eye disease.

Patients with thyroid eye disease (TED) experience hypertrophy of their extraocular muscles and an increase in intraorbital fat volume leading to eyelid retraction, proptosis, double vision, and optic nerve compression. These orbital changes are thought to be due to a cross-reaction of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) with antigens in the orbit. Therefore, the key to treatment is achievement of a euthyroid state in patients with abnormal thyroid function.

Iron toxicity as a potential factor in AMD.

While it has been known for years that iron overload is associated with retinal degeneration in the context of ocular siderosis, intraocular hemorrhage, and the hereditary diseases aceruloplasminemia and pantothenate kinase associated neurodegeneration, recent evidence suggests that age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may also be exacerbated by retinal iron overload. In the retina, iron is necessary for normal cellular function. Iron overload, however, can cause retinal toxicity through the generation of oxygen free radicals.