Resolving the Taxonomy of Mountain Syrphidae (Diptera) in the Iberian Peninsula: The Species Group of Becker, 1894.

The largest genus of Palaearctic Syrphidae, Meigen, 1822 (Syrphidae: Rhingiini), is currently under revision in the Ibero-Balearic region (Iberian Peninsula + Balearic Islands). Prior to this study, various species groups with putative phylogenetic support were defined for this genus of complex taxonomy. The group of Becker, 1894 includes species distributed all over Europe, with some of these species being similar each other in both morphology and genetics.

Unveiling the Mainland vs. Insular Variability of the Species Group (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the Western Mediterranean Basin.

Comprising nearly 300 described species, Meigen, 1822, is one of the most speciose syrphid genera worldwide, and its taxonomic diversity is remarkable in the Mediterranean basin. The (Coquebert, 1804) group consists of four species in the western Mediterranean. Although the phenotypic variability of this species group has been commented on in previous studies, it has never been contrasted with molecular data.

First Morpho-Functional Assessment of Immature Stages of Species (Diptera: Syrphidae) Feeding on False Truffles.

With 14 species, Meigen, 1822 is a scarce and small genus of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae: Rhingiini) from the Holarctic Region. Apart from the finding of larvae of () (Shiraki, 1956) in fungi in Japan, the larval biology of these hoverflies is virtually unknown. The early stages of all species are undescribed.

On the immature stages of some Merodontini hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Europe and Africa.

The genera Eumerus and Merodon (Syrphidae: Merodontini) form together the most speciose grouping of hoverflies in the Palaearctic Region. However, little is known about the morphology and biology of their larvae. The few larvae of Eumerus and Merodon that have been uncovered are phytophagous in underground organs of plants (some Eumerus and all Merodon) or saprophagous in a variety of plants' parts (the reminder of Eumerus).

Are Appearances Deceiving? Morpho-Genetic Complexity of the Group (Diptera: Syrphidae) in Europe, with a Focus on the Iberian Peninsula.

Meigen, 1822 is one of the largest Syrphidae genera in the Palaearctic Region, with the highest levels of taxonomic diversity found in the species group. Despite its high diversity, the interspecific levels of morphological variability can be low. Additionally, some species may show certain levels of intraspecific variability.

Combined stereomicroscope and SEM disentangle the fine morphology of the undescribed larva and puparium of the hoverfly Milesia crabroniformis (Fabricius, 1775) (Diptera: Syrphidae).

With over 80 species, Milesia Latreille, 1804 is a hoverfly genus (Diptera: Syrphidae) found in all continents except for Australia and the Antarctica. However, little is known about its life cycle and biology. The three Milesia species for which early stages are known have saproxylic larvae, suggesting that the larvae of all other Milesia species are also saproxylic.

Assessing the Diversity and Systematics of Brachyopini Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the Iberian Peninsula, Including the Descriptions of Two New Species.

Five genera of Brachyopini, Meigen, 1800, Rondani, 1857, Rondani, 1857, Macquart, 1829 and Maibach et al. 1994a are here revised from the Iberian region. Two new species, Ricarte and Nedeljković, sp.

Discovery of a true bivalent dopamine D receptor agonist.

Employing two different alkyne-modified dopamine agonists to construct bivalent compounds via click chemistry resulted in the identification of a bivalent ligand (11c) for dopamine D receptor homodimer, which, compared to its parent monomeric alkyne, showed a 16-fold higher binding affinity for the dopamine D receptor and a 5-fold higher potency in a cAMP assay in HEK 293T cells stably expressing DR. Molecular modeling revealed that 11c can indeed bridge the orthosteric binding sites of a DR homodimer in a relaxed conformation via the TM5-TM6 interface and allows to largely rationalize the results of the receptor assays.

Structural Assessment of Agonist Efficacy in the μ-Opioid Receptor: Morphine and Fentanyl Elicit Different Activation Patterns.

Over the past two decades, the opioid epidemic in the United States and Canada has evidenced the need for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of medications used to fight pain. Morphine and fentanyl are widely used in opiate-mediated analgesia for the treatment of chronic pain. These compounds target the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).

A new Eumerus hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Namibia and South Africa, with notes on similar species.

Within the pollinator family Syrphidae, Eumerus Meigen, 1822 is a diverse genus with over 70 species recorded in the Afrotropical Region. A new species is described here from Namibia and South Africa. Adults are small to medium size flies, with spur-like expansions in the metatarsomeres 2 and 3.

Morphological, Genetic and Biological Evidences to Understand Rondani Diversity: New Species and Early Stages (Diptera: Syrphidae).

is a genus of conspicuous syrphids with saprophagous larvae, ranging from the southern United States to Argentina and Chile. However, this genus is in need of a taxonomic revision. Adults reared from larvae collected in Mexico and Peru, and other material available at different institutional collections were examined.

Clinical and radiological profile of patients with spinal muscular atrophy type 4.

Background And Purpose: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the most important cause of motor neuron disease in childhood, and continues to represent the leading genetic cause of infant death. Adulthood-onset SMA (SMA type 4) is rare, with few isolated cases reported. The objective of the present study was to describe a cohort of patients with SMA type 4.

Increasing crop heterogeneity enhances multitrophic diversity across agricultural regions.

Agricultural landscape homogenization has detrimental effects on biodiversity and key ecosystem services. Increasing agricultural landscape heterogeneity by increasing seminatural cover can help to mitigate biodiversity loss. However, the amount of seminatural cover is generally low and difficult to increase in many intensively managed agricultural landscapes.

Landscape configurational heterogeneity by small-scale agriculture, not crop diversity, maintains pollinators and plant reproduction in western Europe.

Agricultural intensification is one of the main causes for the current biodiversity crisis. While reversing habitat loss on agricultural land is challenging, increasing the farmland configurational heterogeneity (higher field border density) and farmland compositional heterogeneity (higher crop diversity) has been proposed to counteract some habitat loss. Here, we tested whether increased farmland configurational and compositional heterogeneity promote wild pollinators and plant reproduction in 229 landscapes located in four major western European agricultural regions.

Two new species of Knab (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the paramo ecosystems in Colombia.

Two new species of Quichuana Knab (Diptera: Syrphidae), Quichuana citara Montoya & Wolff sp. n. and Quichuana nigropilosa Montoya & Ricarte sp.

Angiotensin II type 1/adenosine A receptor oligomers: a novel target for tardive dyskinesia.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious motor side effect that may appear after long-term treatment with neuroleptics and mostly mediated by dopamine D receptors (DRs). Striatal DR functioning may be finely regulated by either adenosine A receptor (AR) or angiotensin receptor type 1 (ATR) through putative receptor heteromers. Here, we examined whether AR and ATR may oligomerize in the striatum to synergistically modulate dopaminergic transmission.

A checklist of the Syrphidae (Diptera) of Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar.

Hoverflies are relevant to pollination, predation, phytophagy and decomposition processes and they are also used as bioindicators. The numerous recent advances in the study of Spanish hoverflies and the absence of species lists for the Spanish provinces prompted us to update the national catalogue and fill in the gap at the provincial level. Andorra and Gibraltar are also included in this review.

Revision of the West-Palaearctic species of the tribe Cerioidini (Diptera, Syrphidae).

The West-Palaearctic cerioidines (Syrphidae: Cerioidini) are revised, including species of the genera Ceriana Rafinesque, Primocerioides Shannon, and Sphiximorpha Rondani. Three new species are described, Ceriana glaebosa van Steenis & Ricarte sp. n.

Bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) and hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) pollinators in Pannonian habitats of Serbia, with a description of a new Eumerus Meigen species (Syrphidae).

The diversity of bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) and hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) pollinators from ten localities in Vojvodina, Serbia was surveyed. Among different types of Pannonian habitat (grasslands, heathland and scrub, woodland and forest habitats) all localities were categorised as forest and steppe. They were in protected areas, mostly undisturbed by human activity.

Neotropical Copestylum Macquart (Diptera: Syrphidae) Breeding in Fruits and Flowers, Including 7 New Species.

Ten species of Copestylum (Diptera: Syrphidae) were reared from fruits and flowers in Costa Rica, Ecuador and Trinidad. Seven were new and in this paper, we describe them, their development sites and the third stage larva and/or the puparium of all ten species. One new synonym is proposed, Copestylum pinkusi (Curran) [= Copestylum cinctiventre (Curran)].

Nematocera flies recorded in Serra do Courel, northwest Spain, May 2012 (Diptera: Anisopodidae, Blepharoceridae, Cylindrotomidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae, Tipulidae and Trichoceridae) including descriptions of two new species of Limoniidae.

During May 2012 Diptera were sampled in the Serro do Courel area of Lugo Province, Galicia, northwest Spain. The authors of this paper, members of the Malloch Society (see website) are active in attempting to understand the detailed ecology of flies. Much of this work is through targeting larval stages often with an emphasis on saproxylic situations.

Use of Non-invasive Methods for Evaluating the Testicular Biometry in Collared Peccaries (Pecari tajacu Linnaeus, 1758).

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of two methods used to estimate testicular volume in the collared peccary. Calliper and ultrasonographic measurements of testicular dimensions (length, width and height) of both testes were taken on five adult collared peccaries. The testicular volume was calculated by Lambert's empiric formula: length (L) × width (W) × height (H) × 0.