Cattle and goats' humoral response to vaccination with Clostridium perfringens type D purified epsilon toxoids.

Herd vaccination is an important preventive measure against enterotoxemia in ruminants. Vaccination in goats should be performed every four months, and recent studies have shown that immunity in cattle lasts for less than one year. One of the mechanisms for increasing the duration of the immune response is to use purified toxoids as immunogens.