Bivariate GWA mapping reveals associations between aliphatic glucosinolates and plant responses to thrips and heat stress.

Although plants harbor a huge phytochemical diversity, only a fraction of plant metabolites is functionally characterized. In this work, we aimed to identify the genetic basis of metabolite functions during harsh environmental conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. With machine learning algorithms we predicted stress-specific metabolomes for 23 (a)biotic stress phenotypes of 300 natural Arabidopsis accessions.

Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Profiles in Diverse Crops Provide Insights into the Genetic Regulation of Glucosinolate Profiles.

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are plant secondary metabolites commonly found in the cruciferous vegetables of the Brassicaceae family, offering health benefits to humans and defense against pathogens and pests to plants. In this study, we investigated 23 GSL compounds' relative abundance in four tissues of five different morphotypes. Using the five corresponding high-quality genome assemblies, we identified 183 GSL-related genes and analyzed their expression with mRNA-Seq data.

Fruit Photosynthesis: More to Know about Where, How and Why.

Not only leaves but also other plant organs and structures typically considered as carbon sinks, including stems, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds, may exhibit photosynthetic activity. There is still a lack of a coherent and systematized body of knowledge and consensus on the role(s) of photosynthesis in these "sink" organs. With regard to fruits, their actual photosynthetic activity is influenced by a range of properties, including fruit anatomy, histology, physiology, development and the surrounding microclimate.

The influence of light microclimate on the lipid profile and associated transcripts of photosynthetically active grape berry seeds.

Lipids and oils determine the quality and industrial value of grape seeds. Studies with legume seeds demonstrated the influence of light on lipid metabolism and its association with seed photosynthesis. Grape berry seeds are photosynthetically active till mature stage, but mostly during the green stage and veraison.

Experimental rice seed aging under elevated oxygen pressure: Methodology and mechanism.

Seed aging during storage results in loss of vigor and germination ability due to the accumulation of damage by oxidation reactions. Experimental aging tests, for instance to study genetic variation, aim to mimic natural aging in a shorter timeframe. As the oxidation rate is increased by elevating the temperature, moisture, and oxygen levels, this study aimed to (1) investigate the effect of experimental rice seed aging by an elevated partial pressure of oxygen (EPPO), (2) elucidate the mechanism of dry-EPPO aging and (3) compare aging under dry-EPPO conditions to aging under traditional moist-controlled deterioration (CD) conditions and to long-term ambient storage.

Effect of drying treatments on the global metabolome and health-related compounds in tomatoes.

Drying fruits and vegetables is a long-established preservation method, and for tomatoes, in most cases sun-drying is preferred. Semi-drying is relatively a new application aimed to preserve better the original tomato properties. We have assessed the effects of different drying methods on the phytochemical variation in tomato products using untargeted metabolomics and targeted analyses of key compounds.

Effect of Root Storage and Forcing on the Carbohydrate and Secondary Metabolite Composition of Belgian Endive ( L. Var. ).

Belgian endive is grown in a two-step cultivation process that involves growing of the plants in the field, cold storage of the taproots, and a second growth period in dark conditions called forcing to yield the witloof heads. In this study, the changes in the carbohydrate content and the secondary metabolite composition were studied in different tissues of Belgian endive during the cultivation process. Belgian endive heads contain between 336-388 mg/g DW of total soluble carbohydrates, predominantly fructose and glucose.

Multivariate equivalence testing for food safety assessment.

Products for food and feed derived from genetically modified (GM) crops are only allowed on the market when they are deemed to be safe for human health and the environment. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) performs safety assessment including a comparative approach: the compositional characteristics of a GM genotype are compared to those of reference genotypes that have a history of safe use. Statistical equivalence tests are used to carry out such a comparative assessment.

Dynamic Changes in the Antioxidative Defense System in the Tea Plant Reveal the Photoprotection-Mediated Temporal Accumulation of Flavonoids under Full Sunlight Exposure.

To reveal the mechanisms underlying how light affects flavonoid metabolism and the potential role of flavonoids in protecting against photooxidative stress in tea leaves, tea plants adapted to low-light conditions were exposed to full sunlight over 48 h. There was an increase in the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as greater accumulation of reactive oxygen species, lutein, tocopherols, ascorbate and malondialdehyde, suggestive of a time-dependent response to photooxidative stress in tea leaves. Analysis of the time dependency of each element of the antioxidant system indicated that carotenoids and tocopherols exhibited the fastest response to light stress (within 3 h), followed by SOD, CAT and catechin, which peaked at 24 h.

The influence of a tomato food matrix on the bioavailability and plasma kinetics of oral gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its precursor glutamate in healthy men.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its precursor glutamate play signaling roles in a range of tissues. Both function as neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, but they also modulate pancreatic and immune functioning, for example. Besides endogenous production, both compounds are found in food products, reaching relatively high levels in tomatoes.

Metabolic signatures of rhizobacteria-induced plant growth promotion.

Various root-colonizing bacterial species can promote plant growth and trigger systemic resistance against aboveground leaf pathogens and herbivore insects. To date, the underlying metabolic signatures of these rhizobacteria-induced plant phenotypes are poorly understood. To identify core metabolic pathways that are targeted by growth-promoting rhizobacteria, we used combinations of three plant species and three rhizobacterial species and interrogated plant shoot chemistry by untargeted metabolomics.

Coffee berry and green bean chemistry - Opportunities for improving cup quality and crop circularity.

Coffee cup quality is primarily determined by the type and variety of green beans chosen and the roasting regime used. Furthermore, green coffee beans are not only the starting point for the production of all coffee beverages but also are a major source of revenue for many sub-tropical countries. Green bean quality is directly related to its biochemical composition which is influenced by genetic and environmental factors.

Effects of Sulfur Assimilation in SS101 on Growth, Defense, and Metabolome of Different .

Genome-wide analysis of plant-growth-promoting strain SS101 (SS101) followed by site-directed mutagenesis previously suggested that sulfur assimilation may play an important role in growth promotion and induced systemic resistance in . Here, we investigated the effects of sulfur metabolism in SS101 on growth, defense, and shoot metabolomes of and the Brassica crop, Broccoli. Root tips of seedlings of and two Broccoli cultivars were treated with SS101 or with a mutant disrupted in the adenylsulfate reductase , a key gene in cysteine and methionine biosynthesis.

Analyses of metabolic activity in peanuts under hermetic storage at different relative humidity levels.

Peanuts are transported by ship from production regions to all across the globe. Quality problems are frequently encountered due to increased levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) and a decline in organoleptic quality through lipid oxidation occurring during transport and storage. We studied the role of moisture (water activity, a) in interaction with 87 days hermetic storage under air or nitrogen gas.

Metabolomics Reveals Heterogeneity in the Chemical Composition of Green and White Spears of Asparagus ().

Green and white asparagus are quite different crops but can be harvested from the same plant. They have distinct morphological differences due to their mode of cultivation and they are characterised by having contrasting appearance and flavour. Significant chemical differences are therefore expected.

Light Microclimate-Driven Changes at Transcriptional Level in Photosynthetic Grape Berry Tissues.

Viticulture practices that change the light distribution in the grapevine canopy can interfere with several physiological mechanisms, such as grape berry photosynthesis and other metabolic pathways, and consequently impact the berry biochemical composition, which is key to the final wine quality. We previously showed that the photosynthetic activity of exocarp and seed tissues from a white cultivar (Alvarinho) was in fact responsive to the light microclimate in the canopy (low and high light, LL and HL, respectively), and that these different light microclimates also led to distinct metabolite profiles, suggesting a berry tissue-specific interlink between photosynthesis and metabolism. In the present work, we analyzed the transcript levels of key genes in exocarps and seed integuments of berries from the same cultivar collected from HL and LL microclimates at three developmental stages, using real-time qPCR.

Improved One-Class Modeling of High-Dimensional Metabolomics Data via Eigenvalue-Shrinkage.

One-class modelling is a useful approach in metabolomics for the untargeted detection of abnormal metabolite profiles, when information from a set of reference observations is available to model "normal" or baseline metabolite profiles. Such outlying profiles are typically identified by comparing the distance between an observation and the reference class to a critical limit. Often, multivariate distance measures such as the Mahalanobis distance (MD) or principal component-based measures are used.

Metabolomics of Photosynthetically Active Tissues in White Grapes: Effects of Light Microclimate and Stress Mitigation Strategies.

The effects of climate change are becoming a real concern for the viticulture sector, with impacts on both grapevine physiology and the quality of the fresh berries and wine. Short-term mitigation strategies, like foliar kaolin application and smart irrigation regimes, have been implemented to overcome these problems. We previously showed that these strategies also influence the photosynthetic activity of the berries themselves, specifically in the exocarp and seed.

Fine mapping of a thrips resistance QTL in Capsicum and the role of diterpene glycosides in the underlying mechanism.

A major thrips resistance QTL in Capsicum was fine-mapped to a region of 0.4 Mbp, and a multidisciplinary approach has been used to study putative underlying mechanisms. Resistance to thrips is an important trait for pepper growers.

Impact of root-associated strains of three Paraburkholderia species on primary and secondary metabolism of Brassica oleracea.

Several root-colonizing bacterial species can simultaneously promote plant growth and induce systemic resistance. How these rhizobacteria modulate plant metabolism to accommodate the carbon and energy demand from these two competing processes is largely unknown. Here, we show that strains of three Paraburkholderia species, P.

Ayurvedic Herbal Preparation Supplementation Does Not Improve Metabolic Health in Impaired Glucose Tolerance Subjects; Observations from a Randomised Placebo Controlled Trial.

The increased usage of alternative Ayurvedic treatments as potential health-beneficial therapies emphasizes the importance of studying its efficacy in sound placebo-controlled intervention trials. An example of such a traditional Ayurvedic herbal preparation is Mohana Choorna, a mixture composed of 20 different herbs and used to prevent and treat type 2-diabetes (T2D). We studied the efficacy of "Mohana Choorna" on T2D-related parameters in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.

Azolla ferns testify: seed plants and ferns share a common ancestor for leucoanthocyanidin reductase enzymes.

Questions about in vivo substrates for proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis and condensation have not been resolved and wide gaps in the understanding of transport and biogenesis in 'tannosomes' persist. Here we examined the evolution of PA biosynthesis in ferns not previously reported, asking what PAs are synthesised and how. Chemical and gene-expression analyses were combined to characterise PA biosynthesis, leveraging genome annotation from the floating fern Azolla filiculoides.

Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia.

The improvement and promotion of leafy vegetables, used for both food and medicine, benefits greatly from detailed knowledge of their health-promoting specialised metabolites. In the present study, we investigated the global metabolite variation in the leaves of 48 accessions of the leafy vegetable Gynandropsis gynandra using two complementary analytical platforms: liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for an untargeted comparison of non-volatile semi-polar metabolites and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for an untargeted comparison of volatile metabolites. Our results revealed large variation in 936 semi-polar compounds including flavonoids, terpene glycosides, glucosinolates and various phenolic compounds.

MYB5-like and bHLH influence flavonoid composition in pomegranate.

The fruit of the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important nutraceutical food rich in polyphenolic compounds, including hydrolysable tannins, anthocyanins and flavonols. Their composition varies according to cultivar, tissue and fruit development stage and is probably regulated by a combination of MYB and bHLH type transcription factors (TFs).