The challenges and lessons from a formative process and value-based evaluation of the wave 1 roll-out of the all Wales Diabetes Prevention Programme.

Background: The All Wales Diabetes Prevention Programme (AWDPP) is a Wales wide, public health initiative designed to systematically identify adults at risk of developing type 2 diabetes and offer a 30-minute person-centred lifestyle conversation focused on diet and physical activity. An independent formative process and value-based evaluation was commissioned to examine the implementation of this programme in 14 primary care cluster areas across Wales during the initial roll-out.

Methods: This evaluation was undertaken to ascertain the views on early implementation of the programme from service users, health care professionals and key stakeholders.

Vitamin D status modulates innate immune responses and metabolomic profiles following acute prolonged cycling.

Purpose: The influence of vitamin D status on exercise-induced immune dysfunction remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D status (circulating 25(OH)D) on innate immune responses and metabolomic profiles to prolonged exercise.

Methods: Twenty three healthy, recreationally active males (age 25 ± 7 years; maximal oxygen uptake [[Formula: see text]max] 56 ± 9 mL·kg·min), classified as being deficient (n = 7) or non-deficient n = 16) according to plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D, completed 2.

Brief lifestyle interventions for prediabetes in primary care: a service evaluation.

Background: The increasing number of cases of prediabetes in the UK is concerning, particularly in Wales where there is no standard programme of support. The aim of the current service evaluation was to examine the effectiveness of brief lifestyle interventions on glucose tolerance in people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this pragmatic service evaluation clinical data on people deemed at risk of developing type 2 diabetes were evaluated from two GP clusters.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sedentary Time and Behaviour in Children and Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the change in sedentary time during the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on health outcomes in the general population. One thousand six hundred and one articles published after 2019 were retrieved from five databases, of which 64 and 40 were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. Studies were grouped according to population: children (<18 years), adults (18-64 years) and older adults (>65 years).

Moving Forward: Understanding Correlates of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour during COVID-19-An Integrative Review and Socioecological Approach.

Population-level physical activity (PA) and sedentary time/behaviour estimates represent a significant public health issue exacerbated by restrictions enforced to control COVID-19. This integrative review interrogated available literature to explore the pandemic's impact on correlates of such behaviours in adults (≥18 years). Five electronic databases were systematically searched in January 2021.

A Standardized Strategy for Simultaneous Quantification of Urine Metabolites to Validate Development of a Biomarker Panel Allowing Comprehensive Assessment of Dietary Exposure.

Scope: Metabolites derived from individual foods found in human biofluids after consumption could provide objective measures of dietary intake. For comprehensive dietary assessment, quantification methods would need to manage the structurally diverse mixture of target metabolites present at wide concentration ranges.

Methods And Results: A strategy for selection of candidate dietary exposure biomarkers is developed.

No Influence of Low-, Medium-, or High-Dose Tyrosine on Exercise in a Warm Environment.

Purpose: Tyrosine administration may counter exercise fatigue in a warm environment, but the typical dose is inconclusive, with little known about higher doses. We explored how three tyrosine doses influenced the circulating ratio of tyrosine/amino acids competing for brain uptake and hypothesized that a medium and high dose would enhance exercise performance in a warm environment.

Methods: Eight recreationally trained, non-heat-acclimated male individuals (mean ± SD age, 23 ± 4 yr; stature, 181 ± 7 cm; body mass, 76.

The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on intestinal injury and circulating intestinal bacterial DNA following exercise in the heat.

Purpose: Exercise-induced changes in intestinal permeability are exacerbated in the heat. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 14 days of bovine colostrum (Col) supplementation on intestinal cell damage (plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, I-FABP) and bacterial translocation (plasma bacterial DNA) following exercise in the heat.

Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, 12 males completed two experimental arms (14 days of 20 g/day supplementation with Col or placebo, Plac) consisting of 60 min treadmill running at 70% maximal aerobic capacity (30 °C, 60% relative humidity).

Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein and gut permeability responses to exercise.

Purpose: Intestinal cell damage due to physiological stressors (e.g. heat, oxidative, hypoperfusion/ischaemic) may contribute to increased intestinal permeability.

Zinc carnosine works with bovine colostrum in truncating heavy exercise-induced increase in gut permeability in healthy volunteers.

Background: Heavy exercise causes gut symptoms and, in extreme cases, heat stroke that is due to the increased intestinal permeability of luminal toxins.

Objective: We examined whether zinc carnosine (ZnC), a health-food product taken alone or in combination with bovine colostrum (a natural source of growth factors), would moderate such effects.

Design: Eight volunteers completed a 4-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover protocol (14 d of placebo, ZnC, colostrum, or ZnC plus colostrum) before undertaking standardized exercise 2 and 14 d after the start of treatment.

Sweat osmolarity shows intra-animal regional variation in the horse.

Background: Sweating is important in regulating body temperature but can be a source of loss of both fluids and electrolytes. Although the process has been studied in horses, the variation in sweat osmolarity across the body has not.

Objectives: This work describes an investigation to determine if there is regional variation in the osmolarity of sweat across different anatomical regions of the horse.

Failure of oral tyrosine supplementation to improve exercise performance in the heat.

Purpose: Acute oral tyrosine administration has been associated with increased constant-load, submaximal exercise capacity in the heat. This study sought to determine whether self-paced exercise performance in the heat is enhanced with the same tyrosine dosage.

Methods: After familiarization, seven male endurance-trained volunteers, unacclimated to exercise in the heat, performed two experimental trials in 30°C (60% relative humidity) in a crossover fashion separated by at least 7 d.

Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on upper respiratory illness in active males.

Bovine colostrum (COL) has been advocated as a nutritional countermeasure to exercise-induced immune dysfunction and increased risk of upper respiratory illness (URI) in athletic populations, however, the mechanisms remain unclear. During winter months, under double-blind procedures, 53 males (mean training load±SD, 50.5±28.

Acute oral administration of a tyrosine and phenylalanine-free amino acid mixture reduces exercise capacity in the heat.

Acute tyrosine administration is associated with increased exercise capacity in the heat. To explore whether reduced plasma tyrosine and phenylalanine (tyrosine precursor) is associated with impaired exercise capacity in the heat, eight healthy, moderately trained male volunteers, unacclimated to exercise in the heat, performed two tests in a crossover design separated by at least 7 days. In a randomised, double-blind fashion, subjects ingested 500 mL flavoured, sugar-free water containing amino acids [(TYR-free; isoleucine 15 g, leucine 22.

The influence of recovery duration after heavy resistance exercise on sprint cycling performance.

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal recovery duration after prior heavy resistance exercise (PHRE) when performing sprint cycling. On 5 occasions, separated by a minimum of 48 hours, 10 healthy male subjects (mean ± SD), age 25.5 ± 7.

Oral tyrosine supplementation improves exercise capacity in the heat.

Increased brain dopamine availability improves prolonged exercise tolerance in the heat. It is unclear whether supplementing the amino-acid precursor of dopamine increases exercise capacity in the heat. Eight healthy male volunteers [mean age 32 ± 11 (SD) years; body mass 75.

Metamotivational state and dominance: Links with EMG gradients during isokinetic leg extension and a test of the misfit effect.

Although electromyographic (EMG) gradients have been observed in passive musculature during perceptual motor tasks, it is unclear whether this is related to metamotivational state or dominance. In addition, a misfit effect has been suggested whereby individuals report negative psychological responses when metamotivational state and dominance do not match. Research examining these phenomena within an exercise context is limited; therefore, this study used a reversal theory (Apter, 2001) framework to examine two hypotheses.

Stress responses during aerobic exercise in relation to motivational dominance and state.

We examined the hypothesis that congruence between motivational dominance and state results in optimal psychological responses and performance during exercise. Twenty participants (10 telic dominant and 10 paratelic dominant) rated their stress at 5 min intervals as they cycled on an ergometer at gas exchange threshold for 30 min in both telic and paratelic state manipulated conditions. Participants then performed a test to exhaustion at a resistance equivalent to 110% of VO(2max).

Effects of instructional and motivational self-talk on the vertical jump.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of instructional and motivational self-talk on performance and the kinematics of the vertical jump. After completing a 10-minute warm-up on a stationary bike, 12 men (mean +/- SD; 20.8+/- 3.

A modified TRIMP to quantify the in-season training load of team sport players.

The aims of the study were to modify the training impulse (TRIMP) method of quantifying training load for use with intermittent team sports, and to examine the relationship between this modified TRIMP (TRIMP(MOD)) and changes in the physiological profile of team sport players during a competitive season. Eight male field hockey players, participating in the English Premier Division, took part in the study (mean+/-s: age 26+/-4 years, body mass 80.8+/-5.

Influence of blood donation on O2 uptake on-kinetics, peak O2 uptake and time to exhaustion during severe-intensity cycle exercise in humans.

We hypothesized that the reduction of O2-carrying capacity caused by the withdrawal of approximately 450 ml blood would result in slower phase II O2 uptake (VO2) kinetics, a lower VO2peak and a reduced time to exhaustion during severe-intensity cycle exercise. Eleven healthy subjects (mean +/- S.D.