Resilience mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) consists of two main pathologies, which are the deposition of amyloid plaque as well as tau protein aggregation. Evidence suggests that not everyone who carries the AD-causing genes displays AD-related symptoms; they might never acquire AD as well. These individuals are referred to as non-demented individuals with AD neuropathology (NDAN).

Serum Cortisol and Cardiovascular Disease Risk-A Potential Biomarker.

Cardiovascular Disease [CVD], the leading cause of death globally, poses a significant burden on the healthcare sector. Its association with stress and Cushing's Syndrome has driven cortisol, the 'stress hormone,' to be a potential candidate in determining CVD risk. Cortisol synthesis and release through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal [HPA] axis are regulated by several hormones and receptors involved in the pathological cascade towards CVD.

Virus-like Particles-Based Vaccine to Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases are regarded as gradual, incurable conditions with an insidious onset. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are two of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases reported globally. Developing effective treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases has remained a primary objective and a huge challenge for researchers.

Blood-based therapies to combat neurodegenerative diseases.

Neurodegeneration, known as the progressive loss of neurons in terms of their structure and function, is the principal pathophysiological change found in the majority of brain-related disorders. Ageing has been considered the most well-established risk factor in most common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is currently no effective treatment or cure for these diseases; the approved therapeutic options to date are only for palliative care.

Prospecting bioactivity in Antarctic algae: A review of extracts, isolated compounds and their effects.

Algae and its metabolites have been a popular subject of research in numerous fields over the years. Various reviews have been written on algal bioactive components, but a specific focus on Antarctic-derived algae is seldom reviewed. Due to the extreme climate conditions of Antarctica, it is hypothesized that the acclimatized algae may have given rise to a new set of bioactive compounds as a result of adaptation.

Melatonin ameliorates high glucose-induced autophagy in Schwann cells.

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a condition in which nerve fibers are continually exposed to high glucose-induced free radicals. Recent discoveries demonstrated that melatonin is an indole hormone that contributes to neuroprotection through the modulation of autophagy. Herein, this study aims to examine the neuroprotective effects of melatonin on Schwann cells under high glucose conditions.

Prevention of Parkinson's Disease: From Risk Factors to Early Interventions.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by progressively worsening motor dysfunction. Currently, available therapies merely alleviate symptoms, and there are no cures. Consequently, some researchers have now shifted their attention to identifying the modifiable risk factors of PD, with the intention of possibly implementing early interventions to prevent the development of PD.

Blood-brain Barrier and Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: From Clinical Insights to Pathogenic Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in the central nervous system by tightly regulating the influx and efflux of biological substances between the brain parenchyma and peripheral circulation. Its restrictive nature acts as an obstacle to protect the brain from potentially noxious substances such as blood-borne toxins, immune cells, and pathogens. Thus, the maintenance of its structural and functional integrity is vital in the preservation of neuronal function and cellular homeostasis in the brain microenvironment.

Unravelling the genetic links between Parkinson's disease and lung cancer.

Increase evidence from epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and lung cancer. PD and lung cancer are both geriatric diseases, where these two diseases are sharing some common genetic determinants. Several PD-associated genes including alpha synuclein (SNCA), PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), parkin, parkinsonism associated deglycase (DJ-1), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), F-box protein 7 (FBXO7) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) were reported to have altered expressions in lung cancer patients.

Melatonin Induced Schwann Cell Proliferation and Dedifferentiation Through NF-ĸB, FAK-Dependent but Src-Independent Pathways.

Background: Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a common condition that compromises motor and sensory functions. Peripheral nerves are known to have regenerative capability and the pineal hormone, melatonin, is known to aid nerve regeneration. However, the role of Schwann cells and the pathways involved remain unclear.

Anti-neuroinflammatory of Chloroform Extract of Root Culture on Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 Microglia Cells.

Background: It is believed that activation of microglia in the central nervous system upon detection of stimulus like lipopolysaccharides provokes neuroinflammation via the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines. The cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of various folk medicine has been gaining attention as a strategy to combat various disease. This study aimed to assess the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of chloroform extract of root culture based on nitric oxide and cytokines production.

Potential role of melatonin in prevention and treatment of lung cancer.

Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the most lethal cancer worldwide. Melatonin, an indoleamine produced in the pineal gland, shows anticancer effects on a variety of cancers, especially lung cancer. Herein, we clarify the pathophysiology of lung cancer, the association of circadian rhythm with lung, and the relationship between shift work and the incidence of lung cancer.

Pteropine Orthoreovirus, PRV7S (Sikamat Virus) Demonstrates Oncolysis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Lines.

Background: Oncolytic properties had been demonstrated in Mammalian Orthoreovirus (MRV) and Avian Orthorevirus (ARV). Besides MRV and ARV, Pteropine Orthoreovirus (PRV) is also categorized under the genus PRV7S (Sikamat virus) is an orthoreovirus isolated in Malaysia. Present study aims to investigate the oncolytic effects of PRV7S on ranges of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells through apoptosis in comparison to MRV3.

How Do Abnormalities in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Impact Neuropsychology with Progressing Age?

The behavior of an individual changes from neonate to elderly due to the development of the central nervous system (CNS). One of the important components of the CNS is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which bathes the brain and spinal cord. CSF has changing properties throughout life, including composition and volume imbalance.

Roles of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 in SH-SY5Y cells with beta amyloid-induced neurotoxicity.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the major cause of dementia, affects the elderly population worldwide. Previous studies have shown that depletion of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) expression reverted the AD phenotype in murine AD models. Necroptosis, executed by mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein and activated by RIPK1 and RIPK3, has been shown to be involved in AD.

The Role of Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease - An Update.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterised by reduced dopamine levels in the substantial nigra. This may lead to typical motor features such as bradykinesia, resting tremors and rigid muscles, as well as non-motor symptoms such as neuropsychiatric symptoms, sleep disorders, autonomic dysfunction, and sensory disturbances. Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) are used to alleviate symptoms by reducing monoamine oxidase-catalysed degradation of dopamine; hence, preserving functional levels of dopamine.

Edible Bird's Nest: Recent Updates and Industry Insights Based On Laboratory Findings.

Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a traditional Chinese delicacy made of the saliva of swiftlets found in Southeast Asia. With increasing demands for EBN, quality control of EBN products is important for safe consumption. The processing steps are particularly important for efficient extraction of bioactive compounds.

Melatonin Induces Autophagy via Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway in Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Even though an increasing number of anticancer treatments have been discovered, the mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) have still been high in the past few years. It has been discovered that melatonin has pro-apoptotic properties and counteracts inflammation, proliferation, angiogenesis, cell invasion, and cell migration. In previous studies, melatonin has been shown to have an anticancer effect in multiple tumors, including CRC, but the underlying mechanisms of melatonin action on CRC have not been fully explored.

Potential role of melatonin in prevention and treatment of leukaemia.

Leukaemia is a haematological malignancy originated from the bone marrow. Studies have shown that shift work could disrupt the melatonin secretion and eventually increase leukaemia incidence risk. Melatonin, a pineal hormone, has shown promising oncostatic properties on a wide range of cancers, including leukaemia.

Immunotherapies for Parkinson's Disease: Progression of Clinical Development.

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease affecting the movement and well-being of most elderly. The manifestations of Parkinson's disease often include resting tremor, stiffness, bradykinesia, and muscular rigidity. The typical hallmark of Parkinson's disease is the destruction of neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies in different compartments of the central nervous system.

Effects of Amyloid Precursor Protein Overexpression on NF-κB, Rho-GTPase and Pro-Apoptosis Bcl-2 Pathways in Neuronal Cells.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes cognitive dysfunction. Previous studies have suggested that amyloid plaques, mainly comprising of amyloid-beta peptides, play a pivotal role in AD pathophysiology. This study focuses on the evaluation of the effects of amyloid precursor protein (APP) overexpression on NF-κB, Rho-GTPase and Bcl-2 mediated pro-apoptotic pathways in neuronal cells.