Color Doppler indices of orbital arterial flow in end-stage renal disease patients; are the changes related to chronic hemodialysis or chronic renal failure?

Background: Endothelial injury is a well-known complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis. One of the sites in which early vascular changes may be detected is the retina. Of course, these flow changes may not be detected in ophthalmologic exams, but it seems that color Doppler sonography of retinal arteries may be helpful in these cases.