Dissolving sodium hydrosulfide in drinking water is not a good source of hydrogen sulfide for animal studies.

Hydrogen sulfide (HS) has many physiological and pathological roles in the human body. Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) is widely used as a pharmacological tool for assessing HS effects in biological experiments. Although HS loss from NaHS solution is a matter of minutes, some animal studies use NaHS in solution as an HS-donating compound in drinking water.

Protective effects of long-term nitrate administration against ovariectomy-induced kidney dysfunction in rats.

Background: Menopause is associated with higher risks of chronic kidney disease. We determined the effect of nitrate on ovariectomy-induced kidney dysfunction METHODS: Control, ovariectomized (OVX), control + nitrate, and OVX + nitrate female Wistar rats (n = 10/group); sodium nitrate (100 mg/L) administered in drinking water for 9 months. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albumin excretion rate (AER) were calculated from serum and urine parameters.

Monitoring population salt intake using casual urinary sodium: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

Background: We aimed to estimate salt intake among an Iranian population using spot urine-based equations and a dietary-based method.

Methods: Adult men and women (n = 2069) were recruited from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2014-2017). Urinary sodium (Na), potassium (K), and creatinine (Cr) concentrations were measured in the morning spot urine samples.

Spot urinary microalbumin concentration, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: Tehran lipid and glucose study.

Aim: This study aimed to determine the association of urinary microalbumin concentrations with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and its phenotypes. The optimum cut-off values of urinary microalbumin and microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio (MCR) for predicting the chance of having T2DM and MetS were also defined.

Methods: Adult men and women (n = 1192) participated in the sixth phase (2014-2017) of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), with completed data, were included in the analyses.

Long Term Sodium Nitrate Administration Positively Impacts Metabolic and Obesity Indices in Ovariectomized Rats.

Background: In postmenopausal women, nitric oxide (NO) deficiency is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aims at determining the long-term effects of low-dose nitrate administration on metabolic and obesity indices in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.

Methods: OVX rat model was induced using the two dorsolateral skin incision method.

Urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio: a simple and useful indicator of diet quality in population-based studies.

Background: Current evidence regarding the prognostic relevance of urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na-to-K ratio), as an indicator of diet quality is limited. This study was conducted to investigate whether urinary Na-to-K ratio could be related to habitual dietary patterns, in a general population.

Methods: This study was conducted in the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2014-2017) on 1864 adult men and women.

Effect of inorganic nitrate on metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 24-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Aim: In this randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, effect of oral inorganic nitrate (NO) on metabolic parameters was assessed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: Seventy-four eligible patients with T2DM were randomly assigned to NO-rich beetroot powder (5 g/d contains ~250 mg NO) and placebo groups to complete intervention over a 24-week period. Blood HbA1c, fasting serum glucose, insulin, C-peptide, as well as lipid profile were assessed at baseline and again at weeks 4, 12, and 24; indices of insulin resistance were also calculated.

Different Pharmacokinetic Responses to an Acute Dose of Inorganic Nitrate in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Aim: In this study, we aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics of nitrate (NO) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and healthy adults. Potential effects of salivary nitrate reductase (NR) activity on cardiometabolic responses to an acute dose of NO was also assessed.

Methods: Nine healthy adults and nine T2DM patients were recruited to consume a NO-rich breakfast (~410 mg NO).

Acidified nitrite improves wound healing in type 2 diabetic rats: Role of oxidative stress and inflammation.

Purpose: Decreased nitric oxide bioavailability in skin contributes to impaired wound healing in type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aims at determining effects of acidified nitrite on wound closure as well as inflammatory and antioxidants markers in wound tissue of rats with T2D.

Main Methods: Skin wound was made on the back of rats 28 days after the induction of T2D (high-fat diet/low-dose of streptozotocin).

Changes in nitric oxide synthase levels are associated with impaired cardiac function and tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in male rats with transient congenital hypothyroidism.

Transient congenital hypothyroidism (TCH) has long-lasting consequences on the cardiovascular system during adulthood. The aim of this study was to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) and NO-producing enzymes are involved in impaired cardiac function as well as decreased tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in adult male rats with TCH. Pregnant rats were divided into control and hypothyroid groups.

Dietary inorganic nitrate attenuates hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress in obese type 2 diabetic male rats.

Aims: Hyperoxia has beneficial metabolic effects in type 2 diabetes. However, hyperoxia exacerbates already existing oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. Nitrate, a nitric oxide donor, is an effective new treatment in type 2 diabetes and also has antioxidant properties.

Hyperoxia improves carbohydrate metabolism by browning of white adipocytes in obese type 2 diabetic rats.

Aims: Type 2 diabetes and obesity are associated with chronic hypoxia, which contributes to adipose tissue dysfunction and development of insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. We assessed long-term effects of hyperoxia on browning of adipocytes and carbohydrate metabolism in a murine model of type 2 diabetes.

Main Methods: Male Wistar rats (190-210 g) were divided into 4 groups: Control, O-treated control, untreated diabetes, and O-treated diabetes.

Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Overview.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide. This study provides essential information about the classification, diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment, and complications of T2D. Glucose homeostasis is controlled by the rates of endogenous glucose production (EGP) and glucose utilization.

Lead and cadmium levels in raw bovine milk and dietary risk assessment in areas near petroleum extraction industries.

Oil fields are a source of heavy metal pollution, but few studies have evaluated its impact on the intake of these contaminants through milk, an important food especially for children. From February 2015 to 2016, 118 samples of raw cow's milk, 14 of fodder and 8 of water in Southwest Iran were collected from farms close to oil fields or related industries. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels were evaluated by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.

Hypoxia in Obesity and Diabetes: Potential Therapeutic Effects of Hyperoxia and Nitrate.

The prevalence of obesity and diabetes is increasing worldwide. Obesity and diabetes are associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. Obesity, a chronic hypoxic state that is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, is one of the main causes of type 2 diabetes.

The Prevalence of Amblyopia, Strabismus, and Ptosis in Schoolchildren of Dezful.

Purpose To determine the prevalence of amblyopia, strabismus, and ptosis among schoolchildren in Dezful in the west of Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 1,375 schoolchildren of Dezful were selected through multistage cluster sampling. After obtaining written consents, participants had uncorrected and corrected visual acuity tests, cycloplegic refraction, and the cover test, and were examined for ptosis at the school site.

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection Among Pregnant Women and its Complications in Their Newborns During the Birth in the Hospitals of Dezful City, Iran, 2012 - 2013.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common disorder caused by bacterial agents in pregnancy, which can lead to important complications in newborn of such mothers in case of inappropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to study the prevalence of UTI among pregnant women and its complications in their newborns during the birth in the hospitals of Dezful City, Iran, during 2012 - 2013.

Patients And Methods: In this cross-sectional retrospective study, 1132 women admitted to Dr.

The prevalence of refractive errors in 6- to 15-year-old schoolchildren in Dezful, Iran.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of refractive errors, among 6- to 15-year-old schoolchildren in the city of Dezful in western Iran.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1375 Dezful schoolchildren were selected through multistage cluster sampling. After obtaining written consent, participants had uncorrected and corrected visual acuity tests and cycloplegic refraction at the school site.

Risk factors for fatal and nonfatal road crashes in iran.

Background: Road traffic injuries are among the leading causes of death in the world and Iran.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the role of age, sex, education, and time of accident on human casualties and mortalities of road crashes in Iran.

Materials And Methods: This study was based on data gathered by Iranian Police Department from the records of road crashes from April 4, 2008 through April 4, 2009.

Prevalence of Refractive Errors among High School Students in Western Iran.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of refractive errors among high school students.

Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we applied stratified cluster sampling on high school students of Aligoudarz, Western Iran. Examinations included visual acuity, non-cycloplegic refraction by autorefraction and fine tuning with retinoscopy.

Corneal resistance factor and corneal hysteresis in a 6- to 18-year-old population.

Purpose: To determine the distribution and normal range of the corneal resistance factor (CRF) and corneal hysteresis (CH) in the 6- to 18-year age range and their relationship with biometric components.

Setting: Dezful, Iran.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

The prevalence of keratoconus in a young population in Mashhad, Iran.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of keratoconus and some associated factors in the students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

Method: In this cross sectional study, multistage cluster sampling was used to select the participants. All participants underwent retinoscopy, slit lamp examination, topography with the TMS-4 and corneal assessment with the Orbscan II.

Ocular components during the ages of ocular development.

Purpose: To determine the distribution of ocular biometric components and their correlation with age and sex during the ages of ocular development in a 6- to 18-year-old population in Iran.

Method: In this cross-sectional study, which was performed in October 2012, multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to sample the study population from Dezful schools, a city in the southwest of Iran. Biometric examinations were done by an experienced optometrist using the LENSTAR/BioGraph (WaveLight AG, Erlangen, Germany).

The prevalence of astigmatism and its determinants in a rural population of Iran: the "Nooravaran Salamat" mobile eye clinic experience.

Purpose: The prevalence of astigmatism, and the astigmatic axis, and their determinants were evaluated in a rural population of Iran.

Materials And Methods: In a cross-sectional study conducted from May to August 2011, 13 villages in the vicinity of the city of Khaf in northeast Iran were investigated in this study. All the examinations including visual acuity, refraction, slit-lamp biomicroscopy and fundoscopy were performed in a Mobile Eye Clinic.