Numerical investigation of LDL nanoparticle collision in coronary artery grafts with porous wall and different implantation angles and two state of inlet velocity.

This study aimed to reduce the risk of graft occlusion by evaluating the two-phase flow of blood and LDL nanoparticles in coronary artery grafts. The study considered blood as an incompressible Newtonian fluid, with the addition of LDL nanoparticles, and the artery wall as a porous medium. Two scenarios were compared, with constant inlet velocity (CIV) and other with pulsatile inlet velocity (PIV), with LDL nanoparticles experiencing drag, wall-induced lift, and induced Saffman lift forces, or drag force only.