Effect of low-cost transcranial magnetic stimulation navigation on hotspot targeting and motor evoked potential variability in the biceps brachii.

Background: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can monitor or modulate brain excitability. However, reliability of TMS outcomes depends on consistent coil placement during stimulation. Neuronavigated TMS systems can address this issue, but their cost limits their use outside of specialist research environments.

A noncontact laser-guided system for endoscopic computer-assisted sinus surgery.

The limited size of the nose leads to frequent instrument changes in navigated endonasal sinus surgery. Tracked instruments provide limited accuracy, and the pointer gives no navigation information during tissue removal. To overcome information loss, laser triangulation was integrated into navigation information.