Predicting factors for complications in peripheral intravenous catheters in the pediatric population.

Aim: To characterise the association between peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) gauge (G), the patient's age, insertion site and complication incidence.

Methods: This prospective study was performed in Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel, between June 2018 and March 2019. Children with PIVC admitted to the paediatric departments were included.

Retrospective Analysis of Obstetric Intensive Care Unit Admissions Reveals Differences in Etiology for Admission Based on Mode of Conception.

Background: The use of in vitro fertilization is increasing. The incidence of adverse outcomes is greater for women who undergo in vitro fertilization, potentially leading to intensive care unit admission. This study aimed to assess the etiology and course of intensive care unit admission in women who underwent in vitro fertilization compared to those who did not, with specific focus on intensive care unit admission due to postpartum hemorrhage.

Spatial cue utilization in chronically malnourished rats: task-specific learning deficits.

Rats whose mothers were maintained on either a 25% casein diet or an 8% casein diet and who were provided the same diet after weaning were tested on delayed spatial alternation or on one of a series of spatial localization problems using the Morris maze (Morris, 1981). Malnourished rats demonstrated perseverative deficits in the form of strings of consecutive errors on the delayed spatial alternation. Performance in the Morris maze indicated spatial localization ability and spatial memory processes were not impaired by chronic malnutrition in rats.

Altered development of responsiveness to clonidine in severely malnourished rats.

To examine the effects of malnutrition on the ontogeny of alpha 2 noradrenergic receptor function, we compared the effects of clonidine during early development in severely malnourished and well-nourished rat pups. Independent groups of pups from dams given either 6% or 25% casein diets received one of five doses of clonidine at 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 days of age and dose-response relationships for motor activity were determined. In the 25% pups the clonidine-induced locomotor activity was greatest at 5 and 10 days, intermediate at 15 days and not elevated at 20 and 25 days.

Generational effects of protein malnutrition in the rat.

The most prevalent form of malnutrition in humans is characterized by its chronic and generational nature. We, therefore, have carried out preliminary studies in rats of the generational effects of protein malnutrition. Our studies to date indicate that a mild protein restriction (8% casein diet) in the first generation becomes a more severe protein restriction in the second generation.

Developmental protein malnutrition in the rat: effects on single-unit activity in the frontal cortex.

This study evaluated the effects of developmental protein malnutrition on the spontaneous electrical activity of frontal cortex neurons in the anesthetized rat. Rats were raised prenatally and postnatally on either an 8% or 6% casein diet until adulthood. Compared to the 25% casein controls, both malnourished groups showed a 30-36% decrease in mean discharge rates and a 100-200% increase in the percentage of cells with very slow (less than 1/s) discharge rates.

The effects of protein deprivation on the nucleus locus coeruleus: a morphometric Golgi study in rats of three age groups.

In a previous morphometric Golgi study of the nucleus locus coeruleus we identified in rats fed a 25% casein diet 3 cell types, fusiform, multipolar and ovoid, and compared their age-related changes from 30 to 90 days and 90 to 220 days. In the present study we investigated the effects of an 8% casein diet, initiated prenatally and continued postnatally in the pups, using the same morphometric parameters at the same 3 ages. In these rats the majority of significant age-related changes were in primary and secondary dendritic spine density.

Ontogeny of the levels of serotonin in various parts of the brain in severely protein malnourished rats.

We have previously reported that irreversible central and peripheral chemical changes and irreversible changes in spontaneous activity of single neurons in the frontal cortex are seen in adult rats who were born to mothers fed an 8% isocaloric casein diet 5 weeks before mating and during gestation, who were cross-fostered at birth by control (25% casein diet fed) dams and who showed a normal growth curve. Thus, in the rat, a normal growth curve does not necessarily mean a normal development. We now report similar irreversible, albeit larger, changes in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) rats born to mothers fed a 6% isocaloric diet, nursed by 6% casein fed dams and who showed an abnormal growth curve.

Animal models for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates and infants-at-risk (IAR).

In this study, the body weight changes seen in rat dams and brain and body weights seen in pups as sequelae of either an overt or a hidden form of chronic protein deprivation have been examined. In the overt model, the 6% casein-diet pups showed SGA brain and body weight deficits and irreversible central and peripheral chemical changes at birth. In contrast, the hidden form of prenatal deprivation did not result in brain and body weight deficits in the 8% casein-diet pups at birth, but their SGA-like irreversible peripheral and central chemical profiles categorizes them as IAR-neonates.

Overt and hidden forms of chronic malnutrition in the rat and their relevance to man.

We have examined the physiological weight changes seen in rat dams and their offspring as sequelae of either an overt or a hidden form of chronic protein malnutrition. In the overt model, which was produced by feeding dams a very low protein diet (6% casein) starting 5 weeks prior to conception and continued through lactation, the females showed significant weight losses at all ages compared to dams maintained on a normal diet (25% casein). This caused the malnourished 6% dams to have offspring that were categorized as small-for-date at birth in terms of their weight indices and peripheral metabolic profiles.

The effects of protein deprivation on the nucleus raphe dorsalis: a morphometric Golgi study in rats of three age groups.

In a previous study we identified 3 cell types in the nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD): fusiform, multipolar and ovoid. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of an 8% casein diet on these 3 cell types using quantitative techniques on rapid Golgi-impregnated neurons from rats of 3 different ages: 30, 90 and 220 days. Major and minor axes of the cell body and dendritic diameter were unaffected and primary dendritic linear extent was only slightly affected by the diet.

Nucleus raphe dorsalis: a morphometric Golgi study in rats of three age groups.

Using Rapid Golgi and Nissl techniques, three major cell types: fusiform, multipolar and ovoid-shaped were identified in the nucleus raphe dorsalis of male rats at 30, 90, and 220 days of age. We have described the orientation and dendritic architecture of raphe cells as to type and the relationships of these cells to blood vessels and surrounding structures. For each cell type, the origin of the axon is characteristic.

Adrenalectomy: its effects on systemic tryptophan metabolism in normal and protein malnourished rats.

Rats born to dams fed either a low protein diet (8% casein) or a normal diet (25% casein) started 5 weeks prior to conception and continued through lactation were bilaterally adrenalectomized or received a sham-operation at 30 days of age. At 60 days of age, the systemic tryptophan metabolism of th 8% and 25% adrenalectomized rats was compared to the sham-operated controls of each diet group. While adrenal ablation produced significant decreases in the brain serotonin and metabolite concentrations and marked increases in brain tryptophan concentrations for both diet groups compared to their respective controls, these substances remained significant higher in all malnourished rats than in the well-nourished groups.

Power spectral analysis of the EEG following protein malnutrition.

In these studies, power spectral analysis techniques were utilized to quantify the EEG obtained from rats reared on either an 8% or 25% casein diet during various vigilance states at two stages of development: (1) adulthood-90 to 120 days old; and (2) immediately after weaning-22 to 23 days old. It was found that the cortical EEG contained relatively more power in the low frequencies (ie., 0.

Developmental protein malnutrition: influences on the central nervous system of the rat.

Our group has been carrying out interdisciplinary studies on the effects of prenatal and postnatal protein malnutrition on the developing rat brain. Anatomical, physiological, biochemical and behavioral approaches using the same animal model have revealed that protein malnutrition affects the brain at various levels, i.e.

Utilization of 14C-tyrosine in brain and peripheral tissues of developmentally protein malnourished rats.

Prior studies of developmentally protein malnourished rats have reported substantial changes in brain and peripheral utilization of 14C-leucine, 14C-phenylalanine, and 14C-tryptophan. In the present study rats born to dams fed a low protein diet (8% casein) compared to the offspring of control rats fed a normal diet (25% casein) showed few significant differences in the uptake and incorporation of 14C-tyrosine into brain and peripheral tissues from birth to age 21 days. At birth, the 8% casein pups exhibited significant decreases in brain and peripheral tissue incorporation of tracer only at short post-injection times (10 and 20 min), but not at longer intervals (90 and 180 min).

A neuropharmacological analysis of central nervous system catecholamine systems in development protein malnutrition.

Four experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of developmental protein deprivation on the behavioral response of adult rats to treatments known to affect central nervous system catecholamine systems. Results showed no group differences between protein malnourished and control animals in locomotor responsiveness to d- or l-amphetamine, recovery from behavioral asymmetry produced by a unilateral lesion of the substantia nigra, or in the development of response patterns indicative of denervation supersensitivity. However, a dose-dependent diminution in the ability of apomorphine to produce stereotyped behavior was noted in the malnourished group, suggesting that a class of brain dopamine receptors may be impaired or may have undergone homeostatic modification as a result of the undernutrition procedure.

Disposition of pirprofen, a new anti-inflammatory drug.

Plasma and urine concentrations of 2-(3-chloro-4[3-pyrrolinyl]phenyl) propionic acid, pirprofen, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compound, are described for normal male volunteers receiving one or more doses of the drug. Orally administered pirprofen is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in maximum plasma levels in 1 to 2 hr. Mean peak levels are 23 microng/ml after an oral pirprofen dose of 200 mg; lower doses given proportionally lower levels.

Feeding and drinking in rats maintained on a low protein diet.

Male and female rats born of protein malnourished mothers were fed a low-protein diet (8% casein) for 150 days after weaning and daily food and water intakes and body weights were monitored. Although daily intakes of diet throughout the study were significantly lower than those of rats maintained on a normal protein diet (25% casein) or stock diet, intakes/100 g body weight were significantly greater. Daily increments in body weight, as percent of previous day's weight, were consistently higher in rats fed the low-protein diet in comparison to rats fed the normal protein diet.