Automated Insulin Delivery Systems as a Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review.

Objective: Approximately 6.3% of the worldwide population has type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the number of people requiring insulin is increasing. Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems integrate continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and continuous glucose monitoring with a predictive control algorithm to provide more physiologic glycemic control.

Ophthalmic manifestations in Costello syndrome caused by Ras pathway dysregulation during development.

Background: Costello syndrome (CS) is a multisystem developmental disorder caused by germline pathogenic variants in resulting in dysregulation of the Ras pathway. A systematic characterization of ophthalmic manifestations provides a unique opportunity to understand the role of Ras signal transduction in ocular development and guide optimal ophthalmic care in CS individuals.

Methods: Visual function, ocular features and genotype/phenotype correlations were evaluated in CS individuals harboring pathogenic variants, by cross-sectional and retrospective studies, and were recruited through the Costello Syndrome Family Network (CSFN) between 2007 and 2020.