Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer in the Era of Total Neoadjuvant Therapy: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

Importance: Treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) involves neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus total mesorectal excision and adjuvant chemotherapy. However, total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) protocols (ie, preoperative chemotherapy in addition to radiotherapy) may allow better adherence and early treatment of distant micrometastases and may increase pathological complete response (pCR) rates.

Objective: To assess the efficacy and tolerability of TNT protocols for LARC.

Treatment Planning in Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (IORT): Where Should We Go?

As opposed to external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), treatment planning systems (TPS) dedicated to intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) were not subject to radical modifications in the last two decades. However, new treatment regimens such as ultrahigh dose rates and combination with multiple treatment modalities, as well as the prospected availability of dedicated in-room imaging, call for important new features in the next generation of treatment planning systems in IORT. Dosimetric accuracy should be guaranteed by means of advanced dose calculation algorithms, capable of modelling complex scattering phenomena and accounting for the non-tissue equivalent materials used to shape and compensate electron beams.

Ablative Radiotherapy (ART) for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer (LAPC): Toward a New Paradigm?

Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) represents a major urgency in oncology. Due to the massive involvement of the peripancreatic vessels, a curative-intent surgery is generally precluded. Historically, LAPC has been an indication for palliative systemic therapy.

Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) oligometastases: an AIRO (Italian association of radiotherapy and clinical oncology) systematic review.

Purpose: The aim of this systematic review was to examine efficacy of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) in patients with oligometastatic thyroid cancer.

Materials And Methods: A systematic search was conducted by means of PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane library.

Clinicaltrials: gov was searched for ongoing or recently completed trials, and PROSPERO was searched for ongoing or recently completed systematic reviews.

Computed tomography-based radiomic to predict resectability in locally advanced pancreatic cancer treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Background: Surgical resection after neoadjuvant treatment is the main driver for improved survival in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). However, the diagnostic performance of computed tomography (CT) imaging to evaluate the residual tumour burden at restaging after neoadjuvant therapy is low due to the difficulty in distinguishing neoplastic tissue from fibrous scar or inflammation. In this context, radiomics has gained popularity over conventional imaging as a complementary clinical tool capable of providing additional, unprecedented information regarding the intratumor heterogeneity and the residual neoplastic tissue, potentially serving in the therapeutic decision-making process.

Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Evaluation of the Clinico-Pathological Characteristics, Treatment Strategies and Prognostic Factors in a Monocentric Retrospective Series (n=143).

Background: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor of the skin. The incidence of the disease has undergone a significant increase in recent years, which is caused by an increase in the average age of the population and in the use of immunosuppressive therapies. MCC is an aggressive pathology, which metastasizes early to the lymph nodes.

Nivolumab in Combination with Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in Pretreated Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Results of the Phase II NIVES Study.

Background: Nivolumab showed an overall survival (OS) benefit in pretreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). The role of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in mRCC remains to be defined.

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SBRT in combination with nivolumab in second- and third-line mRCC patients.

Study Design and Rationale for Espera Trial: A Multicentre, Randomized, Phase II Clinical Trial Evaluating the Potential Efficacy of Adding SBRT to Pembrolizumab-Pemetrexed Maintenance in Responsive or Stable Advanced Non-Squamous NSCLC After Chemo-Immunotherapy Induction.

Background: Improvement in radiotherapy techniques and expected outcomes, as well as in understanding the underlying biological mechanisms contributing to its action (immunomodulation in primis), led to the integration of this therapeutical approach in the current management of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), not only in oncogene-driven tumors, but also in non-oncogene addicted NSCLC where the combination of platinum-based chemotherapy plus pembrolizumab represents nowadays the pivotal strategy. In this light, we have designed a randomized phase II (ESPERa) trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) to pembrolizumab-pemetrexed maintenance in advanced NSCLC patients experiencing disease response or stability after chemo-immunotherapy induction.

Patients And Methods: Advanced non-oncogene addicted NSCLC patients with ECOG performance status of 0 or 1, who obtained disease response or stability after 4 cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy plus pembrolizumab will be randomized 2:1 to receive pembrolizumab-pemetrexed maintenance plus SBRT vs pembrolizumab-pemetrexed alone.

Breast conservative surgery and whole breast radiotherapy versus breast conservative surgery and IORT: surgical opinion.

Background: To define the possibility of intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT)'s application on clinical practice and point out the problems observed by Verona Breast Unit.

Methods: Among the patients of the Breast Unit at Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, treated between July 2015 and June 2017, were identified 459 patients undergoing breast conserving surgery for a carcinoma, followed by IORT in 77 cases or by Whole Breast Radiotherapy (WBRT) in 382 cases. The data of WBRT group were analyzed considering IORT eligibility criteria to identify a sub-group of eligible patients, for whom we evaluated the diagnostic process that had led to exclusion from IORT.

Long-Term Outcomes Using Electron IOERT APBI for Early Stage Breast Cancer: The Verona University Hospital Experience.

Methods And Materials: From July 2006 to December 2015, 295 patients suitable for breast-conserving therapy entered a single-arm phase II study and were treated with IOERT as radical treatment. Inclusion criteria were age >50, postmenopausal status, cT1N0M0 stage, grade G1-G2, positive estrogen receptor status; unicentric and unifocal disease, histologically proven invasive ductal carcinoma no previous breast irradiation, good performance status.

Results: With a median follow-up of 7.

Risk Adapted Ablative Radiotherapy After Intensive Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer.

Background And Objective: To assess the efficacy of a Risk-Adapted Ablative Radiotherapy (RAdAR) approach, after intensive induction chemotherapy, in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC).

Material And Methods: Patients with LAPC who received RAdAR following induction chemotherapy from January 2017 to December 2019 were included in this observational study. The RAdAR approach consisted of an anatomy- and simultaneous integrated boost (SIB)-based dose prescription strategy.

Corrigendum: Melanoma of Unknown Primary: Evaluation of the Characteristics, Treatment Strategies, Prognostic Factors in a Monocentric Retrospective Study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.

Melanoma of Unknown Primary: Evaluation of the Characteristics, Treatment Strategies, Prognostic Factors in a Monocentric Retrospective Study.

Background: Melanoma of unknown primary (MUP), accounts for up to 3% of all melanomas and consists of a histologically confirmed melanoma metastasis to either lymph nodes, (sub)cutaneous tissue, or visceral sites without any evidence of a primary cutaneous, ocular, or mucosal melanoma. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics, treatment strategies, and prognostic factors of MUP patients, in order to shed some light on the clinical behavior of this malignancy.

Methods: All the consecutive patients with a diagnosis of MUP referring to our institutions between 1985 and 2018 were considered in this retrospective cohort study.

A phase II trial proposal of total neoadjuvant treatment with primary chemotherapy, stereotactic body radiation therapy, and intraoperative radiation therapy in borderline resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Background: The current management guidelines recommend that patients with borderline resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma (BRPC) should initially receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The addition of advanced radiation therapy modalities, including stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT), could result in a more effective neoadjuvant strategy, with higher rates of margin-free resections and improved survival outcomes.

Methods/design: In this single-center, single-arm, intention-to-treat, phase II trial newly diagnosed BRPC will receive a "total neoadjuvant" therapy with FOLFIRINOX (5-fluorouracil, irinotecan and oxaliplatin) and hypofractionated SBRT (5 fractions, total dose of 30 Gy with simultaneous integrated boost of 50 Gy on tumor-vessel interface).

Dosimetric Feasibility Study of Dose Escalated Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer (LAPC) Patients: It Is Time to Raise the Bar.

Background And Objective: To assess the dosimetric feasibility of a stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) dose escalated protocol, with a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) and a simultaneous integrated protection (SIP) approach, in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC).

Material And Methods: Twenty LAPC lesions, previously treated with SBRT at our Institution, were re-planned. The original prescribed and administered dose was 50/30/25 Gy in five fractions to PTV (tumor-vessel interface [TVI])/PTV (tumor volume)/PTV (overlap area between PTV and planning organs at risk volume [PRV]), respectively.

F-FDG PET/CT Metrics Are Correlated to the Pathological Response in Esophageal Cancer Patients Treated With Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Neoadjuvant Chemo-Radiotherapy.

Background And Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the ability of Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (F-FDG PET/CT) to provide functional information useful in predicting pathological response to an intensive neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy (nCRT) protocol for both esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) patients.

Material And Methods: Esophageal carcinoma (EC) patients, treated in our Center between 2014 and 2018, were retrospectively reviewed. The nCRT protocol schedule consisted of an induction phase of weekly administered docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (TCF) for 3 weeks, followed by a concomitant phase of weekly TCF for 5 weeks with concurrent radiotherapy (50-50.

Long-Term Outcomes of Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Chemo-Radiotherapy as Intensive Neoadjuvant Protocol in Patients with Esophageal Cancer.

Background: A phase II intensive neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy (nCRT) protocol for esophageal cancer (EC) was previously tested at our Center with promising results. We here present an observational study to evaluate the efficacy of the protocol also in "real life" patients.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 122 ECs (45.

Radiotherapy activities and technological equipment in Veneto, Italy: a report from the Rete Radioterapica Veneta.

Background: Despite the pivotal role of radiotherapy in oncology, the provision of radiation treatments remains inadequate in many areas of the world. The present report is an assessment conducted among Radiation Oncology centers of Veneto region with the aim to collect information concerning radiotherapy assets and technological equipment availability.

Methods: Data concerning Veneto Radiation Oncology departments about radiotherapy activities, number of treatments, techniques used and radiotherapy machines available were collected.

Predictors of Local Control for Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy (SAbR) in Pulmonary Oligometastases from Gastrointestinal Malignancies.

Background/aim: To assess predictors of local control (LC) for stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SAbR) in pulmonary oligometastatic disease (OMD) from gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies.

Patients And Methods: Patients with pulmonary OMD treated with SAbR from January 2016 to December 2018 were included in this observational analysis. Primary endpoint was LC.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy vs conventionally fractionated chemoradiation in locally advanced pancreatic cancer: A multicenter case-control study (PAULA-1).

Conventionally fractionated chemoradiation (CRT) or chemotherapy (CHT) are considered as standard options in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) while stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is an emerging treatment in this setting. The aim of this study was to compare two cohorts of LAPC patients treated with SBRT ± CHT vs CRT ± CHT in terms of local control (LC), distant metastases-free survival (DMFS), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity. Eighty patients were included.

Basics and Frontiers on Pancreatic Cancer for Radiation Oncology: Target Delineation, SBRT, SIB technique, MRgRT, Particle Therapy, Immunotherapy and Clinical Guidelines.

Pancreatic cancer represents a modern oncological urgency. Its management is aimed to both distal and local disease control. Resectability is the cornerstone of treatment aim.

A Therapeutic and Diagnostic Multidisciplinary Pathway for Merkel Cell Carcinoma Patients.

Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine neoplasm of the skin. Due to its rarity, the management of MCC is not standardized across centers. In this article, we present the experience of the Veneto region in the North-East of Italy, where a committee of skin cancer experts has proposed a clinical pathway for the diagnosis and treatment of MCC.