Wind-driven spume droplet production and the transport of from aquatic environments.

Natural aquatic environments such as oceans, lakes, and rivers are home to a tremendous diversity of microorganisms. Some may cross the air-water interface within droplets and become airborne, with the potential to impact the Earth's radiation budget, precipitation processes, and spread of disease. Larger droplets are likely to return to the water or adjacent land, but smaller droplets may be suspended in the atmosphere for transport over long distances.

Diversity and Abundance of Ice Nucleating Strains of in a Freshwater Lake in Virginia, USA.

The bacterium is found in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic environments. Some strains of express an ice nucleation protein (hereafter referred to as Ice+) allowing them to catalyze the heterogeneous freezing of water. Though has been sampled intensively from freshwater sources in France, little is known about the genetic diversity of in natural aquatic habitats in North America.

Fully non-linear hyper-viscoelastic modeling of skeletal muscle in compression.

Understanding the behavior of skeletal muscle is critical to implementing computational methods to study how the body responds to compressive loading. This work presents a novel approach to studying the fully nonlinear response of skeletal muscle in compression. Porcine muscle was compressed in both the longitudinal and transverse directions under five stress relaxation steps.

Anisotropic compressive properties of passive porcine muscle tissue.

The body has approximately 434 muscles, which makes up 40-50% of the body by weight. Muscle is hierarchical in nature and organized in progressively larger units encased in connective tissue. Like many soft tissues, muscle has nonlinear visco-elastic behavior, but muscle also has unique characteristics of excitability and contractibility.