Effects of stress-related neuromodulators on amygdala and hippocampus resting state functional connectivity.

Background: The human stress response is characterized by increases in neuromodulators, including norepinephrine (NE) and cortisol. Both neuromodulators can enter the brain and affect neurofunctional responses. Two brain areas associated with stress are the amygdala and the hippocampus.

The effects of yohimbine and hydrocortisone on selective attention to fearful faces: An fMRI study.

Introduction: Selective attention to salient emotional information can enable an advantage in the face of danger. The present study aims to investigate the influence of the stress neuromodulators, norepinephrine and cortisol, on selective attention processes to fearful faces and its neuronal activation.

Methods And Materials: We used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design.

No changes in triple network engagement following (combined) noradrenergic and glucocorticoid stimulation in healthy men.

Successful recovery from stress is integral for adaptive responding to the environment. At a cellular level, this involves (slow genomic) actions of cortisol, which alter or reverse rapid effects of noradrenaline and cortisol associated with acute stress. At the network scale, stress recovery is less well understood but assumed to involve changes within salience-, executive control-, and default mode networks.

Resolving heterogeneity in transcranial electrical stimulation efficacy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

While the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is dominated by pharmacological agents, transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is gaining attention as an alternative method for treatment. Most current meta-analyses have suggested that tES can improve cognitive functions that are otherwise impaired in ADHD, such as inhibition and working memory, as well as alleviated clinical symptoms. Here we review some of the promising findings in the field of tES.