The welfare of ill and injured feedlot cattle: a review of the literature and implications for managing feedlot hospital and chronic pens.

By definition, ill and injured animals are on the negative valence of animal welfare. For beef cattle kept in feedlot settings, advances in cattle health management have resulted in a greater understanding and prevention of illness and injury. However, the management of cattle once they become ill and injured is an understudied area, and there are gaps in knowledge that could inform evidence-based decision-making and strengthen welfare for this population.

Randomized comparison between a forced air system and warm water bath for resuscitation of neonatal hypothermic calves with or without oral administration of caffeine.

Background: Hypothermia is a cause of neonatal calf death in cold climates. Practical and effective rewarming methods are important for bovine health within affected regions.

Hypothesis/objectives: To compare the rewarming rate and blood analytes (glucose, lactate, and cortisol) of calves resuscitated with forced air with warm water bath, with or without oral administration of caffeine.

Influence of Single Dose Enrofloxacin Injection on Development of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in in Calves.

Fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in a major foodborne bacterial pathogen, , derived from cattle has recently become prevalent and poses a significant public health concern. However, the underlying factors for this increase are not entirely clear. To evaluate the effect of enrofloxacin treatment on FQ-resistance development in , 35 commercial calves were equally divided into five groups (Groups 1-5) and were orally inoculated with FQ-susceptible (FQ-S) .

Effect of Danofloxacin Treatment on the Development of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in in Calves.

is a leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis. Recent studies have indicated a rise in fluoroquinolone-resistant (FQ-R) in cattle, where FQ is used to control bovine respiratory disease (BRD). To assess the effect of danofloxacin treatment on the development of FQ-resistance in , 30 commercial calves were divided into Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 ( = 10), and were all inoculated orally with FQ-susceptible (FQ-S) ; seven days later, Group 3 was challenged with transtracheal , and one week later, Group 2 and Group 3 were injected subcutaneously with danofloxacin.

Comparisons of plasma and fecal pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin and enrofloxacin in healthy and Mannheimia haemolytica infected calves.

Danofloxacin and enrofloxacin are fluoroquinolones (FQs) used to treat and control bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. While low toxicity, high bactericidal activity, and availability in single and multiple dosing regimens make them preferable, the increasing incidence of FQ-resistance in foodborne pathogens and effects on gut microbiota necessitate evaluating their pharmacokinetics (PKs). The objective of this study was to determine the exposure level of gut microbiota to subcutaneously administered FQs and compare their PKs between plasma and feces in healthy and Mannheimia haemolytica infected calves.

Enrofloxacin Alters Fecal Microbiota and Resistome Irrespective of Its Dose in Calves.

Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone drug used to prevent and control bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex in multiple or single doses, ranging from 7.5 to 12.5 mg/kg body weight.

Danofloxacin Treatment Alters the Diversity and Resistome Profile of Gut Microbiota in Calves.

Fluoroquinolones, such as danofloxacin, are used to control bovine respiratory disease complex in beef cattle; however, little is known about their effects on gut microbiota and resistome. The objectives were to evaluate the effect of subcutaneously administered danofloxacin on gut microbiota and resistome, and the composition of in calves. Twenty calves were injected with a single dose of danofloxacin, and ten calves were kept as a control.

Secure Sheep and Wool Supply Plan for Continuity of Business.

Sheep operations will be subject to movement controls during a US foot and mouth disease outbreak and should be prepared to manage animal and product movement disruptions. The voluntary Secure Sheep and Wool Supply (SSWS) Plan for Continuity of Business provides tools for the sheep industry to develop contingency plans, write enhanced, operation-specific biosecurity plans, and learn about disease surveillance opportunities and challenges. The SSWS Plan is science-based and risk-based, funded by the American Sheep Industry Association, and developed collaboratively with industry, government officials, and veterinarians at Iowa State University.

Cattle Assessment On-Site During Emergencies.

Veterinary assessment of the condition and needs of livestock and their owners in an emergency is an essential element of the disaster response. The emergency response for livestock has 4 critical components: assessing the need for and attending to the immediate medical needs of injured or affected livestock, determining the resources available to meet the needs, including feed and facilities, identifying any ongoing threats or potential hazards to livestock health and welfare, and appropriate documentation of damages and actions by responders. Information gathered from cattle assessments by veterinarians is used to prioritize resources and plan for anticipated needs.

Validation of a portable pneumatic captive bolt device as a one-step method of euthanasia for use in depopulation of feedlot cattle.

Objective: To validate the effectiveness of a penetrating captive bolt device with a built-in low-pressure air channel pithing mechanism (PCBD) as a 1-step method for euthanasia of cattle.

Design: Clinical trial.

Animals: 66 feedlot steers and heifers (weight, 227 to 500 kg [500 to 1,100 lb]) that were not expected to survive or finish the feeding period with their cohorts.

On-site veterinary medical evaluation and care of working dogs and horses at the 2012 Republican National Convention.

Objective: To describe on-site veterinary medical care for working dogs and horses deployed for the 2012 Republican National Convention (RNC) in Tampa, Fla, August 24 to 30, 2012.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Sample: 130 dogs and 45 horses.

Pain and sickness behavior associated with corneal lesions in dairy calves.

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a common corneal disease of calves that adversely affects animal welfare by causing pain and weight loss. Identifying behavioral indicators of pain and sickness in calves with IBK is necessary for designing studies that aim to identify effective means of pain mitigation. Consistent with principles of the 3Rs for animal use in research, data from a randomized blinded challenge study was used to identify and describe variation of behaviors that could serve as reliable indicators of pain and sickness in calves with corneal injuries.

Serum concentrations of haptoglobin and haptoglobin-matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Hp-MMP 9) complexes of bovine calves in a bacterial respiratory challenge model.

Background: Serum haptoglobin (Hp) and haptoglobin matrix metalloproteinase 9 complexes (Hp-MMP 9) have been identified as biomarkers with diagnostic potential in cattle with conditions resulting in an acute inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential diagnostic applications of serum Hp and Hp-MMP 9 concentrations in calves with BRD and establish a timeline for their detection in calves experimentally challenged with Bibersteinia trehalosi and Mannheimia haemolytica. Thirty-five cross bred dairy calves were inoculated via tracheal catheterization with either a PCR confirmed leukotoxin negative B.

Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the pathogenicity of Bibersteinia trehalosi in respiratory disease among calves.

Background: Bibersteinia trehalosi causes respiratory disease in ruminants particularly in wild and domestic sheep. Recently, there has been an increased number of B. trehalosi isolates obtained from diagnostic samples from bovine respiratory disease cases.

Schirmer tear test I and rebound tonometry findings in healthy calves.

Objective: To describe Schirmer tear test I and rebound tonometry findings in healthy bovine calves.

Animals Studied: Thirty-three clinically normal dairy breed calves of mean (SD) 11 (1.1) weeks (range, 9.

Corneal sensitivity in healthy bovine calves.

Objective: To evaluate corneal sensitivity as measured by the corneal touch threshold in healthy bovine calves.

Animals Studied: Twelve clinically normal male calves with predominantly Holstein genetics and a median age of 76.5 days (range, 67-92 days).

A survey of reasons why veterinarians leave rural veterinary practice in the United States.

Objective: To identify factors associated with veterinarians leaving a career in rural veterinary practice (RVP).

Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study.

Sample Population: Veterinarians from the United States who no longer worked in RVP.

A survey of reasons why veterinarians enter rural veterinary practice in the United States.

Objective: To identify factors associated with interest in or choosing a career in rural veterinary practice (RVP).

Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study.

Sample Population: Veterinarians and veterinary students in the United States.

Citations of plenary-session articles published in the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics.

We measured the potential impact of articles representing the International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE) plenary-session presentations in subsequent published literature. Between July 1, 2004 and November 9, 2004, we searched the Web of Science for citations in the scientific literature to all 99 plenary-session articles published in the proceedings of the previous nine ISVEEs (or in journal special issues dedicated to the ISVEE plenary articles). We used a 4-year window around the publication of each of the ISVEE proceedings.

Association of neonatal serum immunoglobulin G1 concentration with health and performance in beef calves.

Objective: To evaluate associations between neonatal serum IgG1 concentration and pre- and postweaning morbidity and mortality rates and average daily gains (ADGs) in beef calves and define a cutoff point for serum IgG1 concentration necessary for optimal health and performance of beef calves.

Design: Nonconcurrent cohort study.

Animals: 1,568 crossbred beef calves.

Immunologic responses to West Nile virus in vaccinated and clinically affected horses.

Objective: To compare neutralizing antibody response between horses vaccinated against West Nile virus (WNV) and horses that survived naturally occurring infection.

Design: Cross-sectional observational study.

Animals: 187 horses vaccinated with a killed WNV vaccine and 37 horses with confirmed clinical WNV infection.