Aural and written language elicit the same processes: Further evidence from the missing-phoneme effect.

When readers are asked to detect a target letter while reading for comprehension, they miss it more frequently when it is embedded in a frequent function word than in a less frequent content word. This missing-letter effect has been used to investigate the cognitive processes involved in reading. A similar effect, called the missing-phoneme effect has been found in aural language when participants listen to the narration of a text while searching for a target phoneme.

The role of emotion-related individual differences in enjoyment and masking smile judgment.

Background: While some research indicates that individuals can accurately judge smile authenticity of enjoyment and masking smile expressions, other research suggest modest judgment rates of masking smiles. The current study explored the role of emotion-related individual differences in the judgment of authenticity and recognition of negative emotions in enjoyment and masking smile expressions as a potential explanation for the differences observed.

Methods: Specifically, Experiment 1 investigated the role of emotion contagion (Doherty in J Nonverbal Behav 21:131-154, 1997), emotion intelligence (Schutte et al.

Canadian French Translation and Preliminary Validation of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory: A Pilot Study.

Conformity to masculine norms has been linked to poor mental and physical health outcomes. Its valid assessment among subgroups of the population is therefore a crucial step in the investigation of intercultural variability in the enactment of masculinity, as well as its causes, costs, and benefits. The present pilot study aimed to adapt and conduct a preliminary validation of a French version of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI-22), a self-report questionnaire designed to assess overall conformity to male gender standards.

A round Bouba is easier to remember than a curved Kiki: Sound-symbolism can support associative memory.

Past research has shown that prior knowledge can support our episodic memory for recently encountered associations. According to the model proposed by Cox and Criss (Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 250-255, Madison, MI: Cognitive Science Society, 2018) and Cox and Shiffrin (Cognitive Psychology, 97, 31-61, 2017), any features shared by associated items should facilitate encoding and retrieval.