Off grid PV/Diesel/Wind/Batteries energy system options for the electrification of isolated regions of Chad.

Access to reliable energy is fundamental for the development of any community. The electricity is produced in Chad solely from thermal plants that use fossil fuels, which are not environmentally friendly. In addition, the electrification rate of Chad is less than 11%.

Chemical reaction, Dufour and Soret effects on the stability of magnetohydrodynamic blood flow conveying magnetic nanoparticle in presence of thermal radiation: A biomedical application.

Nowadays ferrofluids (magnetic nanofluids) are at the center of many researches because of their major biomedical applications such as drug delivery and cancer treatment. The effects of chemical reaction, temperature gradient induced mass transfer and concentration gradient induced heat transfer on the stability of ferrofluid flow are of great importance. This paper deals with a stability analysis of a ferrofluid composed of blood as base fluid and magnetic nanoparticles.

Bidirectional transmittance and reflectance models for soil signature analysis.

The propagation of radiation in an absorbing-scattering soil with constant or spatial variation of the refractive index is investigated. The soil consists of a plane parallel with Fresnel reflection at the boundaries and is exposed at one boundary to a diffuse or collimated incident radiation. The discrete spherical harmonics method using Marshak boundary conditions is introduced to approximate the directional hemispherical reflectance and transmittance as well as the bidirectional reflectance.