Cyberbullying perpetration and victimisation amongst adolescent psychiatric patients at Lentegeur Hospital, South Africa.

Background: Cyberbullying is a type of harassment that is perpetrated or experienced by a person or groups of persons via the use of electronic devices, and it frequently occurs amongst young people. Research has shown that cyberbullying is associated with psychiatric comorbidity, which could indicate a need for screening adolescents who present for mental health services.

Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cyberbullying amongst adolescents.

Delirium among children and adolescents in an urban sub-Saharan African setting.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to describe the demographic and clinical profile, mortality rates, and effectiveness of a multifaceted treatment approach in hospitalized children and adolescents with delirium referred to psychiatry.

Methods: We report a series of 23 children and adolescents prospectively diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, delirium after referral to a consultation-liaison psychiatry service based in a large, regional, dedicated children's hospital in South Africa.

Results: Children and adolescents with delirium referred to psychiatrists appear to represent a subgroup of delirious patients with a high risk of mortality, an underrepresentation of hypoactive cases, and complex, multifactorial, and often uncertain etiologies.

The diagnosis and treatment of delirium in children.

Delirium is commonly encountered in the setting of paediatric consultation-liaison psychiatry. However, it is commonly misdiagnosed as current operational diagnostic criteria may be difficult to apply in children. We present a practical approach to eliciting the signs and symptoms of delirium in children and a proposed treatment algorithm which elaborates a variety of environmental management strategies and includes explicit thresholds for the use of antipsychotic medications.