Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Update and Review.

Knowledge of epidemiology, genetic etiopathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and management of familial hypercholesterolemia have increased in the last two decades. Several population studies have shown that familial hypercholesterolemia is more frequent than previously thought, making this entity the most common metabolic disease with monogenic inheritance in the world. Identification of causal heterozygous pathogenic variants in LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 genes has increased diagnostic accuracy of classical criteria (extreme hypercholesterolemia, personal / family history of premature coronary artery disease or other cardiovascular diseases).

Abdominal obesity is strongly associated to blood pressure in young Mexicans.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine associations between abdominal obesity (AOb) and the other components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in young Mexicans in a cross-sectional survey completed during a 4 year period.

Methods: This cross-sectional study reports on components and prevalence of MetS by using Alberti et al. (16) criteria, as well as association between AOb and elevated blood pressure (BP) of 2,993 Mexican university students, ages 17 to 25 years (66% women) from central and northern Mexico, over a 4-year survey (2010-2013).

Polymorphism rs2275913 of Interleukin-17A is related to more intensive therapy with disease-modifying anti rheumatic drugs in Mexican patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Aim: The study has two aims: 1) to evaluate the association of IL-17 polymorphism rs2275913 with RA severity and 2) to evaluate if this particular SNP is associated with susceptibility for RA in Mexican patients.

Methods: Seventy-six RA patients and ninety-four healthy controls were included in the study. RA patients were evaluated according to DAS 28.

Fasting Triglycerides and Glucose Index as a Diagnostic Test for Insulin Resistance in Young Adults.

Background And Aims: Although the Glucose and Triglyceride levels (TyG) index is useful for identification of insulin resistance (IR) in different ethnic groups, it has not been evaluated in young adults. We undertook this study to evaluate the TyG index as a diagnostic test for IR in young adults.

Methods: A total of 5,538 healthy young adults, 3,795 (68.

Cardiometabolic risk in young adults from northern Mexico: Revisiting body mass index and waist-circumference as predictors.

Background: A body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m(2) and a waist circumference (WC) ≥80 cm in women (WCF) or ≥90 cm in men (WCM) are reference cardiometabolic risk markers (CMM) for Mexicans adults. However, their reliability to predict other CMM (index tests) in young Mexicans has not been studied in depth.

Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study evaluating several anthropometric, physiological and biochemical CMM from 295 young Mexicans was performed.

PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN YOUNG MEXICANS: A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ON ITS COMPONENTS.

Introduction: obesity is a worldwide epidemic, and the high prevalence of diabetes type II (DM2) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is in great part a consequence of that epidemic. Metabolic syndrome is a useful tool to estimate the risk of a young population to evolve to DM2 and CVD.

Objective: to estimate the MetS prevalence in young Mexicans, and to evaluate each parameter as an independent indicator through a sensitivity analysis.

Soluble mediators produced by the crosstalk between microvascular endothelial cells and dengue-infected primary dermal fibroblasts inhibit dengue virus replication and increase leukocyte transmigration.

When dengue virus (DENV)-infected mosquitoes use their proboscis to probe into human skin during blood feeding, both saliva and virus are released. During this process, cells from the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin, along with small blood vessels, may get exposed to or infected with DENV. In these microenvironments of the skin, the presence of DENV initiates a complex interplay among the DENV-infected and non-infected neighboring cells at the initial bite site.

Plasma triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio, insulin resistance, and cardiometabolic risk in young adults.

Studies in mature adults suggest that the plasma concentration ratio of triglyceride (TG)/HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) provides a simple way to identify apparently healthy individuals who are insulin resistant (IR) and at increased cardiometabolic risk. This study extends these observations by examining the clinical utility of the TG/HDL-C ratio and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in 2,244 healthy college students (17-24 years old) of Mexican Mestizo ancestry. The TG/HDL-C ratio separating the 25% with the highest value was used to identify IR and increased cardiometabolic risk.

Effect of antiretroviral therapy on inflammatory markers of endothelial dysfunction in HIV treatment-naïve infected patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of antiretroviral therapy on inflammatory markers of endothelial dysfunction in HIV treatment-naïve infected patients. This was a prospective cohort study in HIV treatment-naïve infected patients. The patients were assigned to a untreated group or a treatment group according to the therapeutic strategy received.

Increased concentrations of soluble CD40 ligand platelet in patients with primary antiphospholipidic syndrome.

Objective: To determine the concentrations of sCD40L in patients with PAPS, and establish its association with the number of thrombosis.

Patients And Methods: We included patients with PAPS and healthy controls of the same age and sex. For analysis, patients with PAPS were divided into 2 groups: 1) patients with 1 thrombosis, and 2) patients with >1 thrombosis.

Activation of the innate immune response against DENV in normal non-transformed human fibroblasts.

Background: When mosquitoes infected with DENV are feeding, the proboscis must traverse the epidermis several times ("probing") before reaching a blood vessel in the dermis. During this process, the salivary glands release the virus, which is likely to interact first with cells of the various epidermal and dermal layers, cells which could be physiologically relevant to DENV infection and replication in humans. However, important questions are whether more abundant non-hematopoietic cells such as fibroblasts become infected, and whether they play any role in antiviral innate immunity in the very early stages of infection, or even if they might be used by DENV as primary replication cells.

Acanthamoeba castellanii: morphological analysis of the interaction with human cornea.

The present study demonstrates that when Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites are co-cultivated with isolated human corneas, the amoeba can be invasive and cause damage to the intact corneal epithelium without the requirement of previous corneal abrasion. After adhesion, A. castellanii trophozoites migrate between cells forming bumps on the corneal cell layers and reaching Bowman s membrane in 3h, although no evidence of cell damage was observed until the phagocytic process was detected.

Characterization of langerhans cells in epidermal sheets along the body of Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus).

Armadillos are apparently important reservoirs of Mycobacterium leprae and an animal model for human leprosy, whose immune system has been poorly studied. We aimed at characterizing the armadillo's langerhans cells (LC) using epidermal sheets instead of tissue sections, since the latter restrict analysis only to cut-traversed cells. Epidermal sheets by providing an en face view, are particularly convenient to evaluate dendritic morphology (cells are complete), spatial distribution (regular vs.

High-risk human papilloma virus infection decreases the frequency of dendritic Langerhans' cells in the human female genital tract.

Dendritic cells (DC) are often arranged in planar layers in tissues with high antigenic exposure, such as skin and mucosae. Providing an en face view, this arrangement optimizes in situ analysis regarding morphology (even of individual dendrites), topographic distribution (regular/clustered) and quantification. The few reports on human genital DC usually utilize single markers and conventional sections, restricting immunolabelling only to cell parts sectioned by the cut.

A subpopulation of large granular von Willebrand Ag negative and CD105 positive endothelial cells, isolated from abdominal aortic aneurysms, overexpress ICAM-1 and Fas antigen.

The aim of this work was to determine whether there is a pre-established basal condition of the endothelial cells isolated from aortic abdominal aneurysm that might augment immune effector mechanisms and thus provide us an insight into the possible causes of aneurysm rupture. Endothelial cells isolated from saccular aortic aneurysm fragments were analyzed by cytofluorometry for the expression of different immune response-related molecules. Our results showed that there is a subpopulation of granule-rich, CD105 positive and von Willebrand antigen negative endothelial cells that have an enhanced basal expression of ICAM-1, and Fas antigen, but, interestingly, no apoptotic bodies were detected.