Managing obesity in adults with type 1 diabetes.

As the prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions, its prevalence has also increased among adults living with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Unlike the pathophysiologic relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the relationship between obesity and type 1 diabetes mellitus, and management of obesity in the setting of type 1 diabetes mellitus, have not been well reviewed. In this article, we discuss the comprehensive management of obesity in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus, focusing on medical nutrition therapy and adjunct therapies such as weight loss-promoting medications and metabolic/bariatric surgery.

Crystal structures of ten enanti-opure Schiff bases bearing a naphthyl group.

Using a general solvent-free procedure for the synthesis of chiral Schiff bases, the following compounds were synthesized and their crystal structures determined: (S)-(+)-2-{[(1-phenyl-eth-yl)imino]-meth-yl}naphthalene, C19H17N, (1), (S)-(+)-2-({[(4-methyl-phen-yl)eth-yl]imino}-meth-yl)naphthalene, C20H19N, (2), (R)-(-)-2-({[(4-meth-oxy-lphen-yl)eth-yl]imino}-meth-yl)naphthalene, C20H19NO, (3), (R)-(-)-2-({[(4-fluoro-phen-yl)eth-yl]imino}-meth-yl)naphthalene, C19H16FN, (4), (S)-(+)-2-({[(4-chloro-phen-yl)eth-yl]imino}-meth-yl)naphthalene, C19H16ClN, (5), (S)-(+)-2-({[(4-bromo-phen-yl)eth-yl]imino}-meth-yl)naphthalene, C19H16BrN, (6), (S)-(+)-2-({[1-(naphthalen-1-yl)eth-yl]imino}-meth-yl)naph-thalene, C23H19N, (7), (S)-(+)-2-{[(1-cyclo-hexyl-eth-yl)imino]-meth-yl}naph-tha-lene, C19H23N, (8), (S)-(-)-2-{[(1,2,3,4-tetra-hydro-naphthalen-1-yl)imino]meth-yl}naphthalene, C21H19N, (9), and (+)-2-({[(1S,2S,3S,5R)-2,6,6-tri-methylbi-cyclo-[3.1.1]hept-3-yl]imino}-meth-yl}naphthalene, C21H25N, (10).

Crystal structures of four chiral imine-substituted thio-phene derivatives.

A series of thio-phenes substituted in positions 2 and 5 by imine groups have been synthesized using a solvent-free approach, and their crystal structures determined. The substituents are chiral groups, and the expected absolute configuration for each mol-ecule was confirmed by refinement of the Flack parameter. The compounds are 2,5-bis-[(S)-(+)-(1,2,3,4-tetra-hydro-naphthalen-1-yl)imino]-thio-phene, C26H26N2S, (I), 2,5-bis-{[(R)-(-)-1-(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)eth-yl]imino-meth-yl}thio-phene, C24H26N2O2S, (II), 2,5-bis-{[(R)-(-)-1-(4-fluoro-phen-yl)eth-yl]imino-meth-yl}thio-phene, C22H20F2N2S, (III), and 2,5-bis-{[(S)-(+)-1-(4-chloro-phen-yl)eth-yl]imino-meth-yl}thio-phene, C22H20Cl2N2S, (IV).

Crystal structures of three mercury(II) complexes [HgCl2 L] where L is a bidentate chiral imine ligand.

The crystal structures of three complexes [HgCl2 L] were determined, namely, (S)-(+)-di-chlorido-[1-phenyl-N-(pyridin-2-yl-methyl-idene)ethyl-amine-κ(2) N,N']mercury(II), [HgCl2(C14H14N2)], (S)-(+)-di-chlorido-[1-(4-methyl-phen-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl-methyl-idene)ethyl-amine-κ(2) N,N']mercury(II), [HgCl2(C15H16N2)], and (1S,2S,3S,5R)-(+)-di-chlorido-[N-(pyridin-2-yl-methyl-idene)isopino-camph-eyl-amine-κ(2) N,N']mercury(II), [HgCl2(C16H22N2)]. The complexes consist of a bidentate chiral imine ligand coordinating to HgCl2 and crystallize with four independent mol-ecules in the first complex and two independent mol-ecules in the other two. The coordination geometry of mercury is tetra-hedral, with strong distortion towards a disphenoidal geometry, as a consequence of the imine bite angle being close to 70°.

2,5-Bis{[(-)-(S)-1-(4-bromo-phen-yl)eth-yl]imino-meth-yl}thio-phene.

The title compound, C22H20Br2N2S, was synthesized under solvent-free conditions. The mol-ecule shows crystallographic C 2 symmetry, with the S atom of the central thio-phene ring lying on a twofold rotation axis. Furthermore, as a consequence of the (S,S) stereochemistry, the mol-ecule has a twisted conformation.

(+)-(S)-N-[(1-Benzo-thio-phen-2-yl)methyl-idene]-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethyl-amine.

In the title compound, C21H17NS, the C=N double bond shows an E conformation. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the naphthyl residue and the benzo-thio-phene residue is 89.14 (6)°.

2,5-Bis{[(-)-(S)-1-(4-methyl-phen-yl)eth-yl]imino-meth-yl}thio-phene.

The title chiral bis-aldimine, C24H26N2S, was synthesized using a solvent-free Schiff condensation. The mol-ecule displays crystallographic C 2 symmetry, with the S atom lying on the twofold axis parallel to [100]. As a consequence of the (S,S) stereochemistry, the tolyl groups are oriented towards opposite faces of the thiophene core, giving a twisted conformation for the whole mol-ecule.

1,3-Bis[(-)-(S)-(1-phenyl-eth-yl)imino-meth-yl]benzene.

The title compound, C(24)H(24)N(2), is an enanti-omerically pure bis-aldimine, which displays twofold crystallographic symmetry, with two C atoms of the central benzene ring lying on the symmetry axis. The imine group is slightly twisted from the benzene core, with a dihedral angle of 12.72 (16)° between the benzene ring and the C=N-C(*) plane.

(S)-(+)-N-Benzyl-idene-1-(1-naphth-yl)ethyl-amine.

In the title chiral aldimine, C(19)H(17)N, the azomethine group is not fully conjugated with the phenyl substituent: the dihedral angle between phenyl and C(*)-N=C mean planes is ϕ(3) = 23.0 (2)°. Compared with the earlier DFT-B3LYP/6-31 G(d) computations from the literature, the C=N-C(*)-C(naph-thyl) torsion angle, found at ϕ(2) = -118.

(-)-(S)-N,N'-Bis[1-(1-naphth-yl)eth-yl]-oxalamide.

The title mol-ecule, C(26)H(24)N(2)O(2), displays C(2) symmetry, with the mol-ecule located on a twofold axis perpendicular to the plane of the oxalamide unit -NH-CO-CO-NH-. The oxalamide core deviates from planarity, as reflected by the O=C-C=O and N-C-C-N torsion angles of 164.3 (5) and 163.

Bis[4-(diphenyl-methyl-eneamino)phen-yl]methanone.

The title mol-ecule, C(39)H(28)N(2)O, is a well known dendron used in the synthesis of phenyl-azomethine dendrimers. The central benzophenone core is twisted, as expected, due to hindrance between H atoms: the dihedral angle between core benzene rings is 54.49 (5)°, identical to that of the stable polymorph of benzophenone (56°).

1,3-Bis{(+)-(S)-[1-(1-naphth-yl)eth-yl]imino-meth-yl}benzene dichloro-methane solvate.

In the title compound, C(32)H(28)N(2)·CH(2)Cl(2), the complete Schiff base and solvent molecules are both generated by crystallographic twofold axes, with the two C atoms of the former and the C atom of the latter lying on the rotation axis. The central benzene ring is substituted with two chiral groups including imine functionalities, with the common E configuration. The dihedral angle between the central benzene ring and the terminal naphthalene ring is 45.

(S)-(+)-1-(1-Naphth-yl)-1-(2-thienylmethyl-ene)ethyl-amine.

The title chiral imine, C(17)H(15)NS, has been obtained via a direct synthesis route. The imine group displays the common E configuration, and is almost coplanar with the thio-phene heterocycle; the dihedral angle between the C=N-C group and the thio-phene ring is 5.1 (8)°.

1,4-Bis{(+)-(S)-[1-(1-naphth-yl)eth-yl]imino-meth-yl}benzene.

The title compound, C(32)H(28)N(2), is a chiral bis-imine in which both imine groups display the common E configuration. The naphthyl groups present different orientations with respect to the central core, as reflected in the dihedral angles of 21.4 (2) and 78.

(Benzoato-κO)chlorido[(-)-sparteine-κN,N']zinc(II).

The title complex, [Zn(C(7)H(5)O(2))Cl(C(15)H(26)N(2))], used for the magnetic dilution of the analogous Cu(II) complex, was synthesized through a direct synthesis route. The coordination geometry around Zn(II) is best described as distorted tetra-hedral, the largest deviation arising from the (-)-sparteine ligand, as is invariably found in complexes containing this rather rigid mol-ecule. The benzoate anion behaves as a monodentate ligand, with a non-coordinating Zn⋯O separation of 2.

(+)-(S,S)-1,3-Bis[(tetra-hydro-furan-2-yl)-meth-yl]thio-urea.

The title compound, C(11)H(20)N(2)O(2)S, is an enanti-omerically pure heterocycle-substituted thio-urea synthesized under solvent-free conditions. The thio-urea unit adopts a ZZ conformation, with the HN-(C=S)-NH core almost planar and the tetra-hydro-furfuryl groups placed below and above this plane. The whole mol-ecule thus approximates to noncrystallographic C(2) symmetry.

Trimesic acid dimethyl sulfoxide solvate: space group revision.

The structure of the title solvate, C(9)H(6)O(6)·C(2)H(6)OS, was determined 30 years ago [Herbstein, Kapon & Wasserman (1978 ▶). Acta Cryst. B34, 1613-1617], with data collected at room temperature, and refined in the space group P2(1).

(-)-N,N'-Bis[(1S,2R,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-bicyclo-[3.1.1]heptan-2-ylmeth-yl]pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide monohydrate.

The title compound, C(27)H(39)N(3)O(2)·H(2)O, is a chiral pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide derivative including cis-myrtanyl groups as amine substituents. The pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide core approximates C(2) point symmetry and a solvent water mol-ecule lies on the pseudo-twofold axis. The water mol-ecule serves both as acceptor and donor for efficient hydrogen bonds involving N-H and C=O functional groups as donor and acceptor groups, respectively.

[Training and research in forensic medicine: present situation and future challenges for medical schools in Chile].

Background: Lawyers need some medical knowledge and physicians must know about forensics.

Aim: To explore training and research programs in forensic medicine in Chilean universities.

Material And Methods: Deans of all Medicine Faculties in Chile were contacted by e-mail and invited to answer a questionnaire containing 21 questions.

Conformational change induced by hydration: trans-dichlorobis[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-(-)-isopinocampheylamine]palladium(II) and trans-dichlorobis[(1S,2S,3S,5R)-(+)-isopinocampheylamine]palladium(II) hemihydrate.

The title compounds, trans-dichlorobis[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-(-)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-amine]palladium(II), [PdCl2(C10H19N)2], and trans-dichlorobis[(1S,2S,3S,5R)-(+)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.