Resculpting Professionalism for Equity and Accountability.

Recent controversies over the characteristics of "professionalism" and its enforcement by medical educators underscore the racialized and gendered norms implicit in this practice. In this essay, we describe the ways nebulous definitions of "professionalism" imbue White, cisgender, straight, and able-bodied standards to police the boundaries of belonging in medicine. As such, marginalized trainees remain unfinished sculptures, forced to chisel away dimensions of experience and expression to conform to "professional" standards.

Integrating ART adherence support technologies in the care of pregnant and postpartum people with HIV: a qualitative study.

Background: We have a limited understanding on how to best integrate technologies to support antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence in routine HIV care.

Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with multidisciplinary providers caring for pregnant and postpartum people with HIV and asked providers about their perspectives on utilizing adherence support technologies such as text messages, video check-ins with providers or automated with facial recognition for directly-observed-therapy, signaling pill bottle, and signaling pill to support ART adherence. Each approach generated an adherence report.

Vaccine implementation factors affecting maternal tetanus immunization in low- and middle-income countries: Results of the Maternal Immunization and Antenatal Care Situational Analysis (MIACSA) project.

Objectives: To examine the characteristics of existing maternal tetanus immunization programmes for pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to identify and understand the challenges, barriers and facilitators associated with maternal vaccine service delivery that may impact the introduction and implementation of new maternal vaccines in the future.

Design: A mixed methods, cross sectional study with four data collection phases including a desk review, online survey, telephone and face-to-face interviews and in country visits.

Setting: LMICs.

Antenatal care service delivery and factors affecting effective tetanus vaccine coverage in low- and middle-income countries: Results of the Maternal Immunisation and Antenatal Care Situational analysis (MIACSA) project.

Objectives: To map the integration of existing maternal tetanus immunization programmes within antenatal care (ANC) services for pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to identify and understand the challenges, barriers and facilitators associated with high performance maternal vaccine service delivery.

Design: A mixed methods, cross sectional study with four data collection phases including a desk review, online survey, telephone and face-to-face interviews and in country visits was undertaken between 2016 and 2018. Associations of different service delivery process components with protection at birth (PAB) and with country groups were established.

Point-of-Purchase Calorie Labeling Has Little Influence on Calories Ordered Regardless of Body Mass Index.

The obesity epidemic has incited legislation aimed to inform consumers of the nutritional value of food items available in restaurants and fast food establishments, with the presumption that knowing the caloric content in a meal might enable patrons to make healthier choices when ordering. However, available research shows mixed results regarding consumers' use of calorie information to promote healthier purchases. The aim of this study was to determine whether menu type, specifically having viewed a menu with calorie disclosures or not, would have an impact on how many calories were in a lunch meal ordered by a patron.

Electrical and neurotrophin enhancement of neurite outgrowth within a 3D collagen scaffold.

Electrical and chemical stimulation have been studied as potent mechanisms of enhancing nerve regeneration and wound healing. However, it remains unclear how electrical stimuli affect nerve growth, particularly in the presence of neurotrophic factors. The objective of this study was to explore (1) the effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) supplementation to support neurite outgrowth in a 3D scaffold, and (2) the effect of brief, low voltage, electrical stimulation (ES) on neurite outgrowth prior to neurotrophin supplementation.

Towards evidence-based emergency medicine: Best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 3: Observation is unnecessary following a normal CT brain in warfarinised head injuries: an update.

A short-cut review was carried out to determine whether patients on warfarin with a minor head injury can be discharged safely if they have a normal CT scan. 796 papers were found using the reported search, of which seven were considered relevant to the three-part question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses are shown in the accompanying table.

Towards evidence-based emergency medicine: Best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 1: Coagulopathy as a risk factor in warfarinised head injury patients.

A short-cut review was carried out to determine whether the International Normalised Ratio (INR) value was a predictor of the risk of intracranial haemorrhage in patients taking warfarin after head injury. 796 papers were found using the reported search, of which eighteen were directly relevant. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses are shown in the accompanying table.

Titration of synaptotagmin I expression differentially regulates release of norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y.

Synaptotagmin (syt) I is a Ca(2+) sensor that has been thought to trigger all vesicle secretion with similar mechanisms. However, given the calcium and stimulation requirements of small clear, and large dense core vesicles, we hypothesized that syt I expression differentially regulates vesicle release. Therefore, in this study, we generated multiple stable cell lines of PC12 cells that each had a different and stable level of syt I expression.

The psychology of obesity.

G. Stanley Hall, the first person to earn a Ph.D.

An analysis of predictive markers for intracranial haemorrhage in warfarinised head injury patients.

Introduction: Minor head injury in older patients on warfarin may present in a variety of ways that often fall outside the remit of conventional guidelines. The aim of this study was to determine the relative risks for intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) in patients with subtherapeutic, therapeutic and supratherapeutic INR levels, in addition to the relative risks for the common symptoms at presentation.

Methods: The notes were retrospectively reviewed of all patients who had a CT scan requested by the emergency department over a 2-year period (January 2008 to December 2009) and from these warfarinised head injuries were identified.

Chloroplast DNA diversity of the dioecious European tree Ilex aquifolium L. (English holly).

Variation in the chloroplast genome of Ilex aquifolium (English holly), a dioecious evergreen tree native to south, west and central Europe, was analysed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLPs) and microsatellites. Differentiation between populations was high (GST = 0.595) and evidence for phylogeographical structure was detected (NST = 0.

Glacial refugia: hotspots but not melting pots of genetic diversity.

Glacial refuge areas are expected to harbor a large fraction of the intraspecific biodiversity of the temperate biota. To test this hypothesis, we studied chloroplast DNA variation in 22 widespread European trees and shrubs sampled in the same forests. Most species had genetically divergent populations in Mediterranean regions, especially those with low seed dispersal abilities.

Construction and testing of a microsatellite database containing more than 500 tomato varieties.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS) markers for varietal identification and discrimination in tomato. For this purpose, a set of 20 STMS primer pairs was used to construct a database containing the molecular description of the most common varieties (>500) of tomato grown in Europe. The database was built and tested by a consortium of five European laboratories each using a different STMS detection system.

Construction and analysis of a microsatellite-based database of European wheat varieties.

A database of 502 recent European wheat varieties, mainly of winter type, was constructed using 19 wheat microsatellites and one secalin-specific marker. All datapoints were generated in at least two laboratories using different techniques for fragment analysis. An overall level of >99.

Chloroplast DNA diversity in Calluna vulgaris (heather) populations in Europe.

Variation in the chloroplast genome of Calluna vulgaris (heather), the dominant species of northwest European heath communities, was analysed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLPs) and microsatellites. No length polymorphisms were detected in the 100-200 base pair (bp) fragments amplified by the conserved microsatellite primers, and sequencing revealed that the repeat regions were interrupted relative to the corresponding sequence in Nicotiana tabacum. In contrast, PCR-RFLP analysis revealed high levels of haplotype diversity within populations (hS = 0.

Neoplastic transformation and cytogenetic changes after Gamma irradiation of human epithelial cells expressing telomerase.

Neoplastic transformation of human epithelial cells by radiation has previously been investigated using cell lines immortalized with viral vectors. There are disadvantages to this approach, and we report here the results of studies using a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (340RPE-T53) immortalized by treatment with telomerase. After exposure of the cells to fractionated doses of gamma radiation, there was a marked increase in anchorage-independent growth of the surviving cells.

Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis during high-dose chemotherapy of small-cell lung cancer.

In 103 patients with small-cell lung cancer, we compared four courses of standard doses of Adriamycin (A) (Adria Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio), vincristine (V), and cyclophosphamide (C) with a regimen of increased doses of cyclophosphamide and to a lesser extent, Adriamycin. We found no significant difference in rate (22% v 21%) or median duration (seven v nine months) of complete remission. Patients not in complete remission after the four cycles of AVC received two courses of VP-16 (etoposide) and cisplatin: the complete remission rate increased to 49% and 48% respectively.