Advances in Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) as a Prognostic Factor and for Treating Invasive Cutaneous Melanoma.

Invasive cutaneous melanoma is responsible for about 5% of skin tumors yet is liable for nearly 70% of skin cancer-related deaths. Despite notable advancements over the past decade, including immunotherapies and targeted treatments, more than half of invasive melanoma patients ultimately succumb to the disease due to therapeutic resistance. To overcome this obstacle, strategies such as combining immunotherapies with targeted drugs or adding epigenetic therapies have been investigated.

REVIEW OF ARTICULATED ELBOW ORTHOTICS FOR JOINT STIFFNESS REHABILITATION.

Unlabelled: Joint stiffness is the most common complication in elbow injuries, presenting several etiologies and pathophysiological mechanisms that hinder treatment and prognosis. Prevention and treatment of joint contracture depend on the cause of stiffness, and early intervention should modify its outcomes. The methods used may be conservative or surgical, alone or in combination, according to each individual situation.

Care protocol for acute traumatic tissue injuries in prehospital mobile service.

Objective: The aim of this study is to elaborate a protocol for the care of acute traumatic tissue injuries in the prehospital mobile service.

Methods: An extensive search of anteriority that did not reveal the existence of such protocol in other services across the globe was carried out. Subsequently, the literature review was executed on Medline and Lilacs.

Finding reduced Raman spectroscopy fingerprint of skin samples for melanoma diagnosis through machine learning.

Early-stage detection of cutaneous melanoma can vastly increase the chances of cure. Excision biopsy followed by histological examination is considered the gold standard for diagnosing the disease, but requires long high-cost processing time, and may be biased, as it involves qualitative assessment by a professional. In this paper, we present a new machine learning approach using raw data for skin Raman spectra as input.

Complete lymphadenectomy following positive sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous melanoma: a critical review.

Cutaneous melanoma is the solid neoplasia with the highest growing incidence among all tumors. It spreads predictably to the lymphatic vessels and sentinel lymph node, and when the latter is affected the prognosis worsens dramatically. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is considered when thickness of the primary tumor exceeds 1mm and/or when there are adverse features in thinner melanomas.

Suspected melanoma only when the lesion is greater than 6mm may harm patients.

Objective: To analyze the distribution of larger diameter in the pathological report of cutaneous melanoma patients.

Methods: Data were obtained from patients seen from 1994 to 2015. Date, sex, age, maximum diameter, histological subtype, primary site, microscopic thickness, mitoses, ulceration, vertical growth phase, and regression were the variables studied.

Serum level of vitamin D3 in cutaneous melanoma.

Objective: To compare the level of vitamin D3 in cutaneous melanoma patients, with or without disease activity, with reference values and with patients from a general hospital.

Methods: The serum levels of vitamin D3 were measured in cutaneous melanoma patients, aged 20 to 88 years, both genders, from January 2010 to December 2013. The samples from the general group were processed at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (control group).

Sentinel node biopsy should not be recommended for patients with thick melanoma.

Objective: To ascertain whether there is any relationship between the state of the sentinel lymph node histopathology, recurrence and mortality from thick melanoma in patients undergoing SLNB over a long follow-up.

Methods: Eighty-six patients with thick melanoma undergoing SLNB were selected from a prospective database. Lymphoscintigraphy, lymphatic mapping and intraoperative gamma probe detection were performed in all patients.

The importance of mitosis as a factor for predicting sentinel lymph node biopsy for thin melanoma.

23-year-old female patient, with superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) on the back, Breslow 0.35 mm, Clark II, without ulceration and with 2 mitosis/mm². Patient was submitted to margin enlargement and sentinel biopsy of 2 lymph nodes (left armpit).

Combining dose and injection volume for good performance of a specific radiopharmaceutical for sentinel node detection.

Introduction: The aim of this work was to quantify the effects of injection volume at different technetium-99m specific radiotracer doses on its lymphatic movement in animal model.

Procedures: Effects of injection volume (50, 100 μl) at different doses (0.05, 0.

Size and specificity of radiopharmaceuticals for sentinel lymph node detection.

Background: Biological performance of radiotracers for sentinel node detection analyzed in the light of molecular design and dimension is not widely available.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of dextran molecular size and the presence of tissue-binding units (mannose) within the model of (99m)Tc-carbonyl conjugate for sentinel lymph node detection.

Material And Methods: Four dextran conjugates with and without mannose in the chemical backbone were included.

Parameters optimization defined by statistical analysis for cysteine-dextran radiolabeling with technetium tricarbonyl core.

The objective of this study was the development of a statistical approach for radiolabeling optimization of cysteine-dextran conjugates with Tc-99m tricarbonyl core. This strategy has been applied to the labeling of 2-propylene-S-cysteine-dextran in the attempt to prepare a new class of tracers for sentinel lymph node detection, and can be extended to other radiopharmaceuticals for different targets. The statistical routine was based on three-level factorial design.

Indications of Sentinel Node Biopsy in Thin Melanoma.

Objective: To assess data on survival, recurrence and histological factors in positive and negative sentinel lymph nodes in thin melanoma cases.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted on observational studies in four databases (Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase and Lilacs). Positive and negative micrometastases in sentinel lymph node biopsy were compared regarding the clinical outcomes - death and recurrence - and six histological factors - vertical growth phase, Breslow thickness, Clark level, ulceration, regression and mitosis rate.

[Brazilian gamma detection device for sentinel lymph node biopsy].

Objective: To test the effectiveness of an intra-operative gamma detection Brazilian device (IPEN) on sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) procedures.

Methods: Forty melanoma or breast cancer patients with indication for undergoing SLNB were studied. Lymphoscintigraphy was done 2 to 24 hours prior to surgery.

Hemosiderin: a new marker for sentinel lymph node identification.

Purpose: To evaluate and present our initial results of a new marker (hemosiderin) for mammary sentinel lymph node identification in an experimental model.

Methods: Skins mapped like a lymphatic duct draining to the axilla in patients submitted to breast biopsy, in our mastology service, stimulated us to try it in an animal model (female dogs). Our theory was that some blood derivate (hemosiderin) was captured by macrophages and accessed the lymphatic ducts in direction to the axilla.

Influence of colloid particle profile on sentinel lymph node uptake.

Introduction: Particle size of colloids employed for sentinel lymph node (LN) detection is not well studied. This investigation aimed to correlate particle size and distribution of different products with LN uptake.

Methods: All agents (colloidal tin, dextran, phytate and colloidal rhenium sulfide) were labeled with (99m)Tc according to manufacturer's instructions.

National equipment of intraoperatory gamma detection in the identification of sentinel lymph node in animal model.

Purpose: To investigate a national equipment of intraoperatory gamma detection in the identification of sentinel lymph node.

Methods: Thirty young adult male rats were used. After anesthetized, animals were divided into two groups of 15 animals each.

A variation in the component separation technique that preserves linea semilunaris: a study in cadavers and a clinical case.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the effect of the incision of the external oblique aponeurosis along the semilunaris in amount of tension present after the undermining of the anterior rectus sheaths. Forty fresh adult cadavers were studied and divided into two groups: group A (n=20) and group B (n=20). Traction indexes were compared in three situations: (1) before any aponeurotic undermining (similar on both groups); (2) after incision and undermining of the anterior rectus sheaths (similar on both groups) and (3) group A: after undermining of the external oblique muscles with the incision of their aponeurosis along the semilunaris and group B: undermining of a continuous layer of the anterior rectus sheaths and the external oblique aponeurosis, after release of the lateral aspect of the rectus sheaths.

[Internal mammary lymph nodes identification from isolated sternum of human cadaver].

Purpose: To identify the lymph nodes positioned along the internal mammary vessels in isolated sternum of human cadaver and to standardize the surgical approach to those nodes, in order to establish anatomical landmarks to be used with the current techniques of mammary gland sentinel lymph node detection.

Methods: Ten sternum plates removed from unclaimed cadavers were used in this study. Sternal plates were removed using bilateral incisions of the ribs at the midclavicular lines.

[Standardization of the terminology of the academic medical centers and biomedical research centers, in the English language, for journal article sending].

Purpose: To suggest a standardization, in the English language, the formatting of the citation of the research centers.

Methods: From three more recent publications of the first 20 journals available in Brazilian Portal of Scientific Information - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), with bigger factor of impact during the year of 2004, according of information in ISI Web of Knowledge Journal Citation Reports database in biennium 2004-2005, had extracted the formats of citations of the research centers. An analogy to the institutional hierarchie step of the Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) was carried out, and the formats most frequent, in the English language, had been adopted as standard to be suggested to cite the research centers for sending articles.

Vital dye is enough for inguinal sentinel lymph node biopsy in melanoma patients.

Purpose: The importance of gamma probe detection (GPD) combined with vital dye for sentinel node (SN) biopsy is well accepted. We evaluated the efficacy of patent blue dye (PBD) in identifying inguinal SN.

Methods: Ninety-four cutaneous melanoma patients with inferior extremity lesions were submitted to SNB according to a established protocol.

[Financing of the scientific publication and protection of the scientific knowledge].

The main purpose of a study is its publication on a scientific journal. Research financing agencies are important institutions so that studies can be developed and published. The most important research financing agencies that are discussed in this article are: "Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior" (CAPES), "Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico" (CNPq) and "Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo" (FAPESP).

[Research designs].

The purpose of this study is to analyze the classifications and concepts found in the literature regarding the research models on scientific studies commonly used in medical articles. This paper provides elements to facilitate the creation of a research model. It also helps the researcher to identify which is the research model of an article.